2005 - 2006 - Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2012

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PART 4: APPENDIX 1: THE WATER CYCLE AND WATER SERVICES Water Sanitation Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Developing Countries 8 31 22 23 65 48 Least Developed Countries 18 45 38 29 65 56 World 5 29 18 15 60 39 Connection rates in major cities: Household tap Sewer Europe 96% 92% North America 100% 96% Latin America & Caribbean 77% 35% Africa 43% 18% Asia 77% 45% Oceania 73% 15% In excess of 95% of people living in high income countries had satisfactory access to potable water and appropriate sanitation services by 1990, along with 74% access to potable water and 68% access to appropriate sanitation services by 1990 in medium income countries. Concerns in the more developed economies are increasingly being driven by environmental and aesthetic considerations, while those in the less developed economies remain rooted to those of basic public health. The cost of ‘free’ water Safe supplies of water are not free, but neither are the consequences of inadequate provision. The economic cost of poor water supplies and sewerage are in illness (500 million affected each year), debilitation (15 million rendered 'economically inactive' each year) and death (2-5 million dying each year) from water borne diseases and environmental impairment. Yet such supplies are not cheap. In slums around many cities, the cost of (vended) water accounts for a large part of household expenses; 18% in Onitsha, Nigeria and 20% in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, for example. Pressure points in the water cycle Of the 42,650 km³ annual net gains through precipitation on to land, 24,000 km³ is lost as surface run-off in floods, leaving a net 16,000 km³ of useable water input. Approximately 9,000 km³ pa+ is readily accessible, with an annual abstraction of 3,414 km³, highlighting the scope for local imbalances between water availability and its need. It is evident that the element of the water cycle used by the human economy is not optimally managed. Much of the water abstracted is not put into productive use. Optimising the water cycle The water cycle needs to be managed in urban areas due to the need for reliable supplies of water of a given quality in a limited area, along with the treatment of wastewaters generated by human agency. The management of the water cycle can be broken into four distinct sections: [1] water abstraction and transfer; [2] water treatment and distribution; [3] sewerage; and [4] sewage treatment, disposal and recovery. Supplies need to be managed so as to maintain the integrity of the water cycle through optimising the productive use of water, preventing over-abstraction from surface water resources, enabling the recharge of groundwater and preventing the pollution of surface and groundwater resources. The flow chart below demonstrates how water technology can be used to mobilise water resources already abstracted into productive use. 368 Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2005-2006
PART 4: APPENDIX 1: THE WATER CYCLE AND WATER SERVICES Distribution losses for municipal provision can realistically be reduced to 20%, releasing 74 km³ pa for productive use. Assuming that industrial leakage can be reduced to 10%, this releases 120 km³ pa for productive use. Improving irrigation efficiency to 50% releases 244 km³ pa for productive use, along with a further 325 km³ pa of treated municipal water (50% treatment) and industrial water (25% treatment). 369 Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2005-2006
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Copyright © Pinsent Masons 2005 Pu
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£2bn was achieved by increased eff
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Dr David Lloyd Owen iv DR DAVID OWE
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PINSENT MASONS WATER SECTOR GROUP F
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viii CONTENTS DENMARK..............
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x CONTENTS FRANCE BOUYGUES ........
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Introduction A new direction for th
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…while the real cost of conflict
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How to use this book xv HOW TO USE
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Russian Utility Systems (Russia) Re
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Whither Africa? 2 PART 1: 2005-2006
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Framework for Action Annual Investm
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6 PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW most b
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PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW and find
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Responding to these challenges 10 P
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Identified private sector projects,
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Three new companies noted 14 PART 1
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Indicative estimates of the size of
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Desalination 18 PART 1: 2005-2006 O
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PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW apprecia
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22 PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW Water
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[2] Casablanca - block tariffs and
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[4] Argentina: Serving the Salta Pr
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[6] Connecting a squatter settlemen
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Companies Active In, Entering and L
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Number of People Served by Country
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How Many People are Served by the P
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PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW Company
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PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW privatis
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Country Market Development, Prospec
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42 PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW The A
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National and International Players
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PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW Company
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48 PART 1: 2005-2006 OVERVIEW Compa
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ALBANIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Al
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ALGERIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Al
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ARMENIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Ar
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AUSTRIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Th
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AZERBAIJAN PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS
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BELGIUM PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Be
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BELGIUM PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Fo
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BULGARIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS t
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BURKINA FASO PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYS
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CAMEROON PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS M
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CHAD PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Chad
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REPUBLIC OF CONGO PART 2: COUNTRY A
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COTE D'IVOIRE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALY
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CROATIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Ur
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CZECH REPUBLIC PART 2: COUNTRY ANAL
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CZECH REPUBLIC PART 2: COUNTRY ANAL
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EGYPT PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Egyp
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EGYPT PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Fres
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ESTONIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Es
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ETHIOPIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS E
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FRANCE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Fra
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FRANCE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Sin
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GABON PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Gabo
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GERMANY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Ge
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GERMANY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS In
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GERMANY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Pr
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GREECE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Gre
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GREECE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Flo
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GUINEA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Fre
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HUNGARY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Hu
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HUNGARY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Pr
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IRAQ PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Iraq
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IRELAND PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Ir
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IRELAND PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Gr
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ISRAEL - PALESTINE PART 2: COUNTRY
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ISRAEL - PALESTINE PART 2: COUNTRY
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ITALY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS and
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ITALY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Priv
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JORDAN PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Jor
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KENYA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Keny
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KENYA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Oper
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KUWAIT PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS MAJ
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LEBANON PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Le
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LESOTHO PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS wa
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LITHUANIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS
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MALI PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Mali
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MOROCCO PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Fr
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MOZAMBIQUE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS
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MOZAMBIQUE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS
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THE NETHERLANDS PART 2: COUNTRY ANA
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THE NETHERLANDS PART 2: COUNTRY ANA
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NIGERIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Ni
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NIGERIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS (L
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NORWAY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS spa
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POLAND PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Pol
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POLAND PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Pri
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PORTUGAL PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS P
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PORTUGAL PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS G
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ROMANIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Ro
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ROMANIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Pr
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THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PART 2: COUN
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THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PART 2: COUN
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SAUDI ARABIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYS
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SENEGAL PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Se
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SLOVAKIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS S
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SLOVENIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS S
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SOUTH AFRICA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYS
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SOUTH AFRICA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYS
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SPAIN PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Spai
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SPAIN PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Fres
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SWEDEN PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Swe
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SWITZERLAND PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSI
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TANZANIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS R
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TUNISIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Pr
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TURKEY PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Izm
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UGANDA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Ref
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UKRAINE PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Uk
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES PART 2: COUNTR
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UNITED KINGDOM PART 2: COUNTRY ANAL
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ZAMBIA PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS Zam
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FRANCE PART 3 (i): COMPANY ANALYSIS
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GERMANY PART 3 (i): COMPANY ANALYSI
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ITALY PART 3 (i): COMPANY AN/ALYSIS
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ITALY PART 3 (i): COMPANY AN/ALYSIS
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SPAIN PART 3 (i): COMPANY ANALYSIS:
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SPAIN PART 3 (i): COMPANY ANALYSIS:
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THE NETHERLANDS PART 3 (i): COMPANY
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UNITED KINGDOM PART 3 (i): COMPANY
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AUSTRIA PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYS
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BELGIUM PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYS
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ESTONIA PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYS
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FRANCE PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYSI
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GERMANY PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYS
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GREECE PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYSI
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ITALY PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYSIS
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SAUDI ARABIA PART 3 (ii): COMPANY A
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SAUDI ARABIA PART 3 (ii): COMPANY A
Page 347 and 348: SPAIN PART 3 (ii): COMPANY ANALYSIS
Page 361 and 362: UNITED KINGDOM PART 3 (ii): COMPANY
Page 387: UNITED KINGDOM PART 3 (ii): COMPANY
Page 391 and 392: PHILIPPINES PART 3 (iii): COMPANY A
Page 393: Part 4: Appendix 1 The water cycle
Page 396 and 397: PART 4: APPENDIX 1: THE WATER CYCLE
Page 400 and 401: 370 Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2
Page 402 and 403: 372 Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2
Page 405 and 406: Private Sector Participation Types
Page 407 and 408: PART 4: APPENDIX 2: PRIVATE SECTOR
Page 411 and 412: Water and power contracts compared
Page 413 and 414: The private sector’s role PART 4:
Page 419: Part 4: Appendix 3 The Private Sect
Page 422 and 423: PART 4: APPENDIX 3: THE PRIVATE SEC
Page 424 and 425: PART 4: APPENDIX 3: THE PRIVATE SEC
Page 427: Part 4: Appendix 4 Glossary Of Wate
Page 430 and 431: PART 4: APPENDIX 4: GLOSSARY OF WAT
Page 441 and 442: References And Further Reading PART
Page 443 and 444: PART 4: APPENDIX 5: REFERENCES AND
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PART 4: APPENDIX 5: REFERENCES AND
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2005 - 2006 - Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2012

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