2005 - 2006 - Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2012

CHAD PART 2: COUNTRY ANALYSIS
Chad
Economics (2003)
GDP per capita US$240
GDP per capita (PPP) US$1,080
GDP in Agriculture 46%
GDP in Industry 13%
GDP in Services 41%
Lake Chad
Lake Chad is the only permanent fresh water source in Chad. In a severe drought, such as in 1984, it
is possible to walk across the lake. It is the only lake in the Sahel Region, being a freshwater body of
water with no outlet to the sea. Surrounded by a large wetland, the lake is rapidly disappearing
because of irrigation and heavy usage. Lake Chad has dwindled from 350,000km² several hundred
years ago, to about 25,000km² in the 1960s. Now it is only about 2,000km². What remains of the
lake is now threatened by proposed mining and drilling in the area.
Population
2003 (million) 8.6
2015 (million) 12.1
Urbanisation in 2003 25%
Urbanisation by 2015 31%
In urban agglomerations, 2015 18%
STEE
STEE is responsible for water and electricity supplies. In 2001, Veolia started a two year
management contract involving F20 million investment including F10 million of share capital in a
venture with a turnover by the end of the period of F180 million. STEE was renationalised after Veolia
Water pulled out in August 2004 after four months of the second phase of the contract. This was
mainly due to profitability problems. STEE is currently owned by the government (81.2%) and the
French Development Agency (AFD, 18.8%).
In addition to existing in the 11 urban concessionary centres operated by STEE, facilities are spread
over 85 of the 175 urban areas of over 2,000 inhabitants. The field enquiries also showed that no
more than 40% of the population in each urban area use or have access to water distributed via these
systems. On this basis, about 417,000 people were supplied in 2000 by a water system in the
concessionary area, while 204,000 people had access to an embryonic network in the nonconcessionary
area. In 2001, it was estimated that the water supply rate for the entire population of
Chad in towns of more than 2,000 people was nearly 35%. However, less than 10% of the urban
population is supplied via a household connection.
None of the towns has a functioning wastewater disposal system and fewer than 2% of the urban
population have sanitary installations with running water. There is no sewage treatment and
stormwater systems are effectively non-existent.
Urban data
Served by piped water 31%
Access to sewerage 81%
The basic prices of water and connections differ from one system to another. Generally, the price of
water is broken down into three levels. The price of the first, so-called “social” level (15 m 3 /month) is
fixed at FCFA105. The price of the second level (15 m 3 /month to 100 m 3 /month) varies from one town
to another; it is FCFA230 m 3 /month for towns covered by the STEE and may reach as much as
FCF490 m 3 /month (at Pala). The price at the stand-pipe is about FCFA300 m 3 and from watercarriers
FCFA4,500 m 3 . STEE’s prices have remained unchanged since 1984. The cost of water
provision to STEE is in the region of FCFA360 per m 3 .
70 Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook 2005 – 2006