Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 99 caminar, por causa que se nos hincaban por las plantas de los pies aquellas puntas y piedra de los cerobucos, con mucho trabajo nos metimos en un monte, y con otras piedras que había en el monte cortamos cortezas de árboles que pusimos por suelas, atadas a los pies con unas que parecen cuerdas delgadas que llaman bejucos, The next Taino word in the sequence of BDC’s text is bejuco or bohuco > ‘vine 146 ’. However, let us take a slightly different approach concerning the analysis of its etymology. Rather than establishing its Taino origin from other interrelated languages, we are going to, first, use a Taino dictionary as reference, and second, the term is going to be analyzed from other Taino lexical structures studied in this research thus far, to try to understand its meaning. This is done, because Taino is often analyzed from its etymon relation to surviving languages at times taking for granted that Taino was an independent language different from its genetically common ancestors, the same way Spanish is different from Portuguese, French, Italian and Latin. This Taino comparative method was used at the beginning of this study to illustrate the vitality of the language, and then mixed with the language family correlation when a particular term needed to be established in the pre-mainland context. This second correlation was employed due to the overlexicalization and phonetic parallels between terms from the Nahuatl and Mayan languages with Taino in order to separate the terms. 146 (García Bidó, 2010)
P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we use this approach to analyze the term, the word bejuco shares its prefix, bex with the word beh-ique > ‘medicine- headman’. Furthermore, the suffix of the word can be found in already analyzed words such as seboruco, bahoruco, which are often associated with very rocky places. However, it seems that when the phoneme r- > ‘place’ precedes the suffix -uco, the term becomes a synonym of ‘rocky’, ‘harsh’, ‘wild’, ‘dense’, ‘difficult’. On the other hand, when the -uco suffix is found in other words such as conuco > ‘plantation’, babonuco > ‘round bundle of leaves used as pillow to carry objects in the head’, tabonuco > ‘Dacryodes excelsa tree’, arcabuco > ‘dense foliage’, cayuco > ‘cactus’, the terms seems to be related to leaves, plants, tree, forest. Therefore, if the Spanish incorporation of the term means ‘vine’, the prefix bex (h, j) means medicine and the suffix -uco its related to forest, tree or foliage, then the term bexuco could be transliterated as ‘medicine vine’. This is important because it seems that the Taino associated these lianas with medicine. It is also important to note that one of the traditional drinks of Dominican Republic is called mabi de bejuco indio > ‘Indian root beer’. This type of drink is made from mabí > corruption of Carib mibi ‘root’ or possibly from the Wayuunaiki mapa > ‘honey’ or the Garifuna maba > ‘miel’ and this type liana root called bejuco. What is important is that this type of traditional recipe is still used today and that the words associated with its ingredients are part of the vernacular Spanish of the Greater Antilles. Moreover, the fact that the expression includes the connotation ‘de Indio’ seems to hint to an emphatic clarification as if the people adopting the tradition wanted to transmit its origin into the name. Number of mentions of the word bejuco in The True History of the Conquest of New Spain including the cross reference of the three manuscripts: 1
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
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P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
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P a g e | 12 the world and later br
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P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
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P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
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P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
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P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
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P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
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P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
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P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
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P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
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P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
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P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
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P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
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P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
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P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
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P a g e | 40 significance because i
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P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
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P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
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P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78: P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80: P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116: P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118: P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120: P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122: P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124: P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126: P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128: P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130: P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132: P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134: P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136: P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137 and 138: P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
Page 139 and 140: P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
Page 141 and 142: P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
Page 143 and 144: P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146: P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147: P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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