Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 19 Nahuatl ending ctle as guacal (Honduras)). The güiro (a) was also used for water jugs called calabazas or jícaras and in the manufacturing of neckless, earrings, etc. Furthermore, in some Spanish speaking countries the term jícaro has also become an adjective (and in some cases) a substantive to refer to hollow things e.g. coco jícaro or dried-out coconut. Nevertheless, when the güiro was dried out, hollowed and grooved the Taino produced two different musical instruments used in their areito and cohoba music and ceremonial dances: the maracas and the güira. These two musical instruments were later adopted by the African slaves of the Americas and to this day are the main elements of many Caribbean rhythms such as merengue, cumbia, son, salsa, guaracha and cha-cha-cha. However, despite their adoption by the Afro-Americans, these instruments didn’t seem to lose their Taino names, purpose and essence 25 . However, one important thing to observe regarding the etymology of the word maraca and the homolog colloquial use of the Spanish word morro > ‘plates’ is the possible lexicalization, confusion and interpellation of both terms given their phonetic similarities and their morphemic semantics. Even though the word morro existed in Spanish prior to the Americas to refer to a mountain or a prolonged protuberance 26 , it should not be confused with the word maraca which also existed prior to the conquest to describe a musical instrument used by the Taino behike 27 > ‘shaman’ during the cohoba ritual. As matter of fact, maraca comes from the Guaraní mbaracá 28 which 25 (Guitar, 2006-2007) 26 (Anónimo, 1492-1493, p. 187) 27 (Colón, 1571) 28 (Española, 2019)
P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousin language of the Yukpas Irapa, maracaewa means > ‘bone of the sacred maara tree that scares the bad spirits”. Likewise, in some variances of the Southern Orinocan languages, iwo means rattle snake. Another variant of this word can be found in the Conquivacoa language meaning ‘place where it rains a lot’, which could explain its rich morphology of sounds and analogous meanings among all these related languages. However, this pre-Columbian voice can also be traced as far back as an XVI century drawing of Oviedo’s descriptions of lake Maracaibo. Pic 3. Oviedo’s map of lake Maracaibo 29 However, what becomes amazingly surprising about this word and its abstract symbolic meaning is that, in most of the surviving languages related to the Taino— Arawak, this word is often associated with sound or ceremonial bad spirit rejection. The closest living example of its ceremonial usage can be found in the Honduran Garifuna buyai ritual. In Garifuna (this includes all its Central American variances), the word maragali means ‘rattle 30 ’ of the buyai > ‘shaman’. Therefore, if we make a comparative phonetic analysis between the Taino behí+que and the Carib buyai it can be observed that the only difference between the words is the suffix k’ related to cue, ca, ku’u > ‘enlighten’, ‘sacred’, ‘friendly’ and ‘holly’ in the Taino term. The rest of the 29 (Myers & Scott, 2007, p. 245) 30 (Suazo, 2011, p. 636)
Page 1 and 2: Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
Page 3 and 4: P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
Page 5 and 6: P a g e | 4 European languages such
Page 7 and 8: P a g e | 6 first time the language
Page 9 and 10: P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
Page 11 and 12: P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
Page 13 and 14: P a g e | 12 the world and later br
Page 15 and 16: P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
Page 17 and 18: P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
Page 19: P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
Page 23 and 24: P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
Page 25 and 26: P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
Page 27 and 28: P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
Page 29 and 30: P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
Page 31 and 32: P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
Page 33 and 34: P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37 and 38: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 39 and 40: P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72:
P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74:
P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76:
P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78:
P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80:
P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82:
P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84:
P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86:
P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88:
P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90:
P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92:
P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94:
P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96:
P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98:
P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100:
P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102:
P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104:
P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106:
P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108:
P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110:
P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112:
P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114:
P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116:
P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118:
P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120:
P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122:
P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124:
P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126:
P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128:
P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
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P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132:
P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
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P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136:
P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
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P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
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P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146:
P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
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P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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