Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 37 a spider’); and in the words Macoríx or Marorís (name given by Fray Ramon Pané to the ciguayo people) 62 meaning maco > ‘frog or strange creature’ + r > ‘place’ + íx > ‘adverb’ = ‘strange place that looks like a frog’. Another meaning of the term macorix or macorís could be associated with foreigner or stranger e.g. (ma > ‘not’ + ku > ‘friend(ly)’, ‘sacred’, ‘enlighten’ + r people + íx > ‘looks like, belongs, is as, etc.’ = ‘unfriendly, unholy, alien, strange, unlighted’. As a matter of fact, according to Granberry & Vecelius, “the lexical form maku- occurs in many Arawakan languages in the Guianas meaning strange or foreigner and is used to designate non-Arawakan, potentially unfriendly peoples”. They state that “even the Arawakan Chané of far southeastern Bolivia use the term maku to refer to their non-Arawakan Mataco neighbors across the border in Paraguay” 63 . The suffix ix is also found in the word Guarionex. Nonetheless, this í, íx, íz, ís or ex term is also found as a prefix and as a modifying stem in the word íguana (or flexible like guano or weave) and in ana-iboa (surviving Dominican expression that means fruit pulp. In the case of anaiboa this is a figurative combination of the word ana (fruit or flower e.g. ananá (pineapple), guanabana (soursop), Anacahona (golden flower or fruit), the adverbial í (like or as if it was like) and boa (Taino name for constrictor snakes). This expression could be translated as squeeze the fruit like a snake. Therefore, when Diaz del Castillo states the name “isla de los Guanaxex” he was possibly using the Taino grammar combined with the Spanish words to refer to the same thing: the name of what is today known as Guana Island or island of the iguanas or 62 (Pane, 1498) 63 (Granberry, 2003)
P a g e | 38 island of the guano of the British Virgin Islands. This guana (o) word should not be confused with the commonly used word guano (which comes from the Quechua wánu) meaning fertilizer. The phonetic similarities between these two words are due to the South America-Orinocan origins of both Quechan and Taino-Arawak languages. However, in the case of the Taino guano (a) word, when found within other surviving Taino expressions, is often associated with the morphology of flexible things such as the palma cana (sabal yapa) leaves for weaving and, as mentioned above, in the word i- guana. An example of the modern use of the word guano can be found in the Greater Caribbean tradition of chair, hat and macuto bags making called silla de guano, sombrero de guano and macuto which means bag, sack or purse respectively. It is important to note that the guano weaved macuto word can also be found hidden in the Haitian Creole of today, meaning the same thing in the expression: le macoute > ‘the bag’. Although this word also survived in the Spanish side of Hispaniola having a synonym-syntactical meaning for the peasants of the Dominican side. However, in the case of Haiti, the word took a completely different connotation during the decades conformed between the early fifties and late seventies with the creation of the dictatorial suppressive guard called les tontons macoutes or uncles with bags. Nevertheless, this cultural inclusion of the Taino macoute expression into the Haitian tradition came about due to the perception of the Haitians toward the figure of a Santa Clause look like white man carrying a bag to steal black children during the night. It is unknown whether this word was inherited directly from the maroons that escaped to the Taino Xaragua kingdom of Western Hispaniola, modern day Haiti, during the sixteen century rebellion of Sebastian Lemba (first emancipated slave in the continent and creator of the
Page 1 and 2: Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
Page 3 and 4: P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
Page 5 and 6: P a g e | 4 European languages such
Page 7 and 8: P a g e | 6 first time the language
Page 9 and 10: P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
Page 11 and 12: P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
Page 13 and 14: P a g e | 12 the world and later br
Page 15 and 16: P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
Page 17 and 18: P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
Page 19 and 20: P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
Page 21 and 22: P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
Page 23 and 24: P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
Page 25 and 26: P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
Page 27 and 28: P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
Page 29 and 30: P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
Page 31 and 32: P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
Page 33 and 34: P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78: P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80: P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90:
P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
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P a g e | 90 the place where this t
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P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
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P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98:
P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
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P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102:
P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104:
P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106:
P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108:
P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
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P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112:
P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114:
P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116:
P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118:
P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120:
P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122:
P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124:
P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126:
P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
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P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
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P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
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P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
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P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
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P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
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P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
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P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146:
P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
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P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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