Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 21 word and the ceremonial use of a single maraca in the ritual by both groups is the same. As a matter of fact, this ritual use of a single maraca by the payé > ‘shaman’ was documented during the 1903—1905 archeological explorations of German archeologist Theodor Koch-Grünberg to the Rio Negro and Vepurá regions of Venezuela. In his research, Koch- Grünberg made recordings of the payé and his ritual dance, like that described in the Taino and Garifuna sources. The images below are from different archeological sites across the Taino kingdoms of the Caribbean and from the archeological recordings of Koch- Grünberg to illustrate the maracas and ceremonial behike and areíto dances elements in the cosmovision of the Taino with regards to this word. Another important phonetic element to observe (given the Indo-European nature of Spanish, the lexicalization language) is the interchange of letters of the same organ 31 between the behi+ ke, the buyai and the payé e.g. bp—eí and its association with the morpheme mrk-iwa in three cultures that (although linguistically and culturally related) belong to different time and geographical contexts. The images below are from different archeological sites across the Taino kingdoms of the Caribbean and from the archeological recordings of Koch- Grünberg to illustrate the maracas and ceremonial behike and areíto dances elements in the cosmovision of the Taino and its related cousin languages. 31 (Burgess & Marsh, 1815, p. 27)
P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe Cave 32 Pic.5 Taino maraca 33 Pic.6 Maraca del Payé 34 Pic.7 Areyto and cohoba 35 Number of Mentions of the word higüera in The True History of the Conquest of New Spain: 24 Other Primary Sources Mentions of the possible Taino origin of the word higüera: Note: Not all consulted sources mentioning the Taino words were cited. The ones considered were those most substantial given their importance in the historical record and their significance to our research. a)—Mentions in Fernandez de Oviedo’s Historia general y natural de las Indias: 1)__As a stomach medicine and tooth brushing remedy: Fructa es sana e de buena digestión, y en estas plazas de Sancto Domingo se vende harta della en el tiempo que la hay. La madera de este árbol es recia e buena para labrar, si la cortan en menguante e la dejan algunos meses curar, e que no se labre verde, segund dicen carpinteros e los maestros de tal arte. Una propriedad tienen las hojas deste árbol, muy singular, y es que aquella parte dellas que paresce seca (e no lo es), sino leonada, es algo vellosa, e a quien con aquella parte se acostumbrara a estregar los dientes, se los limpiará, e páralos muy blancos. 36 32 (Johnson) 33 (León, 2000) 34 (Kraus, Halbmayer, & Kummels, 2018, p. 149) 35 (Guitar, 2006-2007) 36 (Fernanadez de Oviedo, 1535 - 1557)
Page 1 and 2: Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
Page 3 and 4: P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
Page 5 and 6: P a g e | 4 European languages such
Page 7 and 8: P a g e | 6 first time the language
Page 9 and 10: P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
Page 11 and 12: P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
Page 13 and 14: P a g e | 12 the world and later br
Page 15 and 16: P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
Page 17 and 18: P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
Page 19 and 20: P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
Page 21: P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
Page 25 and 26: P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
Page 27 and 28: P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
Page 29 and 30: P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
Page 31 and 32: P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
Page 33 and 34: P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37 and 38: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 39 and 40: P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74:
P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76:
P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78:
P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80:
P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82:
P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84:
P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86:
P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88:
P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90:
P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92:
P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94:
P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96:
P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98:
P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100:
P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102:
P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104:
P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106:
P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108:
P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110:
P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112:
P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114:
P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116:
P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118:
P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120:
P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122:
P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124:
P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126:
P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128:
P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130:
P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132:
P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134:
P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136:
P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137 and 138:
P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
Page 139 and 140:
P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146:
P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147:
P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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