Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 131 Al presente muchos negros de los que están en esta cibdad y en la isla toda, han tomado la misma costumbre 191 . This quote about negroes from Hispaniola adopting this custom of smoking and cultivating tabaco from the Indians is of extreme importance because, like the Spanish cited by de Las Casas, these Africans will also be part of the earlier population of New Spain. As matter of fact, the presence of these people appears time and time again within the narrative of BDC. Finally, although the first mention of the word tabaco in BDC’s text is a reference to Moctezuma’s royal pampering, it can be at least argued, that it is possible that the prevalence of this word across the Americas and its linguistic triumph over the Nahuatl yetl and tequitl, the Maya K’úuts and the conglomerate of languages to be colonized from that point forward, was due to the Taino-Spanish-African relation developed earlier in the Caribbean. 1.6 Areyto The next word in the sequence of BDC’s text is Areyto or areito which could be transliterated as the Taino traditional ceremonial dance. As a matter of fact, this dance is described by both Oviedo and de Las Casas as the ceremony by which the Taino danced and sang their legends, history, traditions and love. Moreover, areyto was the Taino dance of war and the ceremony of alliances and brotherhood known as guaitao > ‘I become you’, under which Taino kingdoms would pledge alliance to one another. However, etymologically speaking this word could be linked as far south as the 191 (Fernanadez de Oviedo, 1535 - 1557)
P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela to the word u turere > ‘to produce waves’ or even related to utuai > ‘to stretch’. Utuai is also used to describe ‘a line of people following one another in a long line in the jungle’. The image below is from the Taino archeological site La Cueva de Sanabe, Dominican Republic. In this possible representation of an areyto, the pictographic sketch of the image appears to be waving the arm in the same symbolic meaning of the Yanomami word. To the left of the dancer, there is the drawing of something that could be interpreted as the image of a maraca. Pic.51 Areito pictograph from Hoyo de Sanabe Cave 192 Based on this image, there seems to be a connection between maraca, ceremony and areyto dance. However, what surprised me about this word was its early adoption by the colonial Spanish population of Santo Domingo. In fact, in a reference from Dominican historian Roberto Cassa from his citation of a trial in the Jeronimian Interrogations of 1517 we are presented with a unique window into the vernacular Spanish of Hispaniola prior to the conquest of New Spain. The text states the following: Testigo Romero, loc. cit., quien dice: "...les acontece de cada dia que por un antojo que les den sin mirar lo que adelante dello se puede seguir determinan de 192 (Johnson)
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
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P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
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P a g e | 12 the world and later br
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P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
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P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
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P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
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P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
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P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
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P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
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P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
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P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
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P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
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P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
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P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
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P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
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P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
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P a g e | 40 significance because i
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P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
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P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
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P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
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P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
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P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
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P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
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P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
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P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
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P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
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P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
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P a g e | 62 words did not make it
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P a g e | 64 other words meaning
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P a g e | 66 common item to give an
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P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
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P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
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P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
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P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
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P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
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P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102: P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116: P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118: P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120: P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122: P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124: P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126: P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128: P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130: P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131: P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 135 and 136: P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137 and 138: P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
Page 139 and 140: P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
Page 141 and 142: P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
Page 143 and 144: P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146: P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147: P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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