Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 67 á este propóssíto digo que las naguas son una manta de algodón que las mugeres desta isla, por cobrir sus partes vergoncosas, se ponían desde la cinta hasta media pierna, revueltas al cuerpo; é las mugeres principales hasta los tovillos: las doncellas vírgínes, como he dicho en otras partes, ninguna cosa se ponían ó traían delante de sus partes vergongosas, ni tampoco los hombres se ponían cosa alguna 107 . Here Oviedo describes the naguas as some sort of cotton blanket worn by married women from the waist down to half leg length. The men and pre-pubescent virgins did not wear anything. Furthermore, as illustrated in the quote below, Oviedo goes as far as to describe a type of sport nagua worn during batey > ‘ball game’ playing: Pero porque las cacicas é mugeres principales casadas traen estas naguas ó mantas desde la cinta hasta en tierra, delgadás é muy blancas é gentiles, sí son mugeres mocas é quieren jugar al batey, dexan aquellas mantas luengas é pónense otras cortas, á medio muslo 108 . In this quote Oviedo states that “the women exchanged the longer naguas for shorter ones before playing batey”. Further in the same chronicle, Oviedo makes a unique observation about Taino incorporation of European dress norms and transcultural adaptation after the Spanish conquest of Hispaniola with the knitting of cotton shirts. porque solamente colgaba aquel trapillo , presso en lo alto y suelto en las otras partes, hasta que despues fueron mas entendiendo ellos y ellas, cubriéndosse con camisas que hacían de algodon muy buenas. Y al presente son pocos que hay, todos andan vestidos ó con camisas, en especial los que están en poder de chripstianos; y si algunos no lo hacen 107 (Fernanadez de Oviedo, 1535 - 1557) 108 Ibid. 167
P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las reliquias que han quedado destas gentes del cacique don Enrique, del qual se hizo mencion en el libro precedente 109 . What becomes truly remarkable about this event in Oviedo’s writings is the statement that “the Indians started to understand and began to knit shirts out of cotton. The only ones who kept the naguas as relics and traditional dress were those taught by the rebellious cacique Enrique”. The event Oviedo is referring to, started in 1519, about 26 years after the foundation of the first European town in the continent called La Isabela (1493) and 23 years after the foundation of Santo Domingo, the first European city in the Americas (1496). Therefore, based on the quote, the Taino began to abandon traditional dress code as early as the 1500s and it is possible that reasons behind the Bahoruco rebellion could have been a call to return to traditional Taino life. However, it is de Las Casas whom places the naguas in the religious ceremonial milieu when associating them with the traditional Taino dance. Anacaona, cantando sus cantares y haciendo sus bailes, que llamaban areitos, cosa mucho alegre y agradable par a ver, cuando se ayuntaban muchos en número especialmente; salieron delante mujeres, las que tenía por mujeres el rey Behechío, todas desnudas en cueros, sólo cubiertas sus vergüenzas con unas medias faldillas de algodón, blancas y muy labradas, en la tejedura dellas, que llamaban naguas Here de Las Casas describes how the dance was executed by women only wearing naguas. It is important to note that this event described by de Las Casas happened during a visit from Bartolomé Colón to cacique Bohechío. Only chiefs or very 109 Ibid. 168
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
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P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
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P a g e | 12 the world and later br
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P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
Page 17 and 18: P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
Page 19 and 20: P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
Page 21 and 22: P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
Page 23 and 24: P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
Page 25 and 26: P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
Page 27 and 28: P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
Page 29 and 30: P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
Page 31 and 32: P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
Page 33 and 34: P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37 and 38: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 39 and 40: P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78: P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80: P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102: P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116: P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118: P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
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P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
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P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
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P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
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P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
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P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
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P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
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P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
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P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
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P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
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P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
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P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
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P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
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P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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