Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 85 c)—Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo Sumario de la Historia Natural de las Indias: Cogido este pan y puesto en casa, se come de esta manera: en las islas comíanlo en grano tostado, o estando tierno casi en leche; y después que los cristianos allí poblaron, dase a los caballos y bestias de que se sirven, y esles muy grande mantenimiento; pero en Tierra-Firme tienen otro uso de este pan los indios, y es de esta manera: las indias especialmente lo muelen en una piedra algo concavada, con otra redonda que en las manos traen, a fuerza de brazos, como suelen los pintores moler las colores. In this quote, Oviedo states that “in the islands the grain was toasted and eaten tender, while in the mainland it was milled with round and concave stones, the way painters grinded colors pigments”. Chapter VI, page 26 True History of the Conquest of New Spain Cotoche, que se decían Melchorejo y Julianillo, y sacaron el arquilla con las diademas y anadejos y pescadillos y otras pecezuelas de oro, y también muchos ídolos; soblimábanlo de arte que en todas las islas, así de Santo Domingo y en Jamaica y aun en Castilla, hobo gran fama dello; y decían que otras tierras en el mundo no se habían descubierto mejores. Y como vieron los ídolos de barro y de tantas maneras de figuras, decían que eran de los gentiles. The next Taino word in the sequence of BDC’s text is the name of the island of Jamaica. Given the toponymic nature of this name, we are not going to go too deeply
P a g e | 86 into its etymology. However, it is important to note that this name could have been a possible corruption of an Arawak word that could have sounded like Xaymaicay, ixaimaikhan. Unfortunately, due to the intense lexicalization process experienced by this term in both English and Spanish, and due to the Western Taino variant spoken by the Taino of Jamaica, it would be very difficult to arrive at a concrete transliteration of its meaning. Despite these challenges, we are going to use two methods of comparison. If we compare this word to Classical Taino phonology, this term shares its prefix hay, häi or xay > ‘mountain’ or ‘steep pick’ with the word Häití > ‘very high steep land’. This term also shares two other possible morphemes with similar known Classical Taino words mai > ‘garden’ or ‘land’ and ka—i > ‘upper’, ‘island’, which could be transliterated as ‘island of high cultivable mountains’. On the other hand, if we analyze the word from the Western Taino perspective, which shares its phonology with Cuba and the Lucayan islands, this word could be composed of the prefixes xa > ‘water’, ‘pool’ or ‘pond’ or the prefix xama > ‘bay’, ‘gulf’ or ‘inlet’. As can be observed, both prefixes xa and xama seem to be associated with water. Moreover, this xa prefix can also be identified in the Taino word xaragua > ‘lake’, which indicates a possible connection to a land surrounded by water of the prefix or possibly a land by the water. Lastly, the suffix of the word is ka > ‘upper’ or ‘island’, thus hinting to a possible transliteration of ‘island of fresh water’. Nevertheless, it seems that, given its geographical location and since Jamaica has over 120 rivers, there is a very likely possibility that the Western Taino variant of this toponym could have been closer to the original meaning than the Classical Taino interpretation to this polysemy.
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
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P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
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P a g e | 12 the world and later br
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P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
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P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
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P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
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P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
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P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
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P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
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P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
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P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
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P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
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P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37 and 38: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 39 and 40: P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78: P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80: P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102: P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116: P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118: P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120: P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122: P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124: P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126: P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128: P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130: P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132: P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134: P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136: P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
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P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
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P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
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P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
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P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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