Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 137 Taino and genetically related words Jíbaro, jí, ají, bija, bixa, jicotea, guajíro, guira, jiba, hiba, cahoba, caoba, duho, jiro, Hatuey, cohiba, güíra, güíro maracas, behique, Cubanacan, huracan, cibucan, guayacan, manioc, can, bayohuabao, moyhuac'n, Haiti, cuaba, cuyo, cuey, batey, Atabey, carey, Guanahaní, guano, haba, tití, tí, jaquemeyes, jaquima, hamaca, cana, Macoríx, guabancex, Ciguayo, maco, maku, Xaragua, iguana, Anacahona, ananá, anaiboa, macuto, Axua, Axuey, Bahoruco, tiburón, camarón, Ciba, Cibao, batata, batey, bata, batu, bana, Quisqueya, Tai, no, hiaro, Iaruñu, adabuco, manatí, macabí, bu, be, bí, ey, Lucayo, Guanaha, Harabacoa, Guanabacoa,Maguana, 'ma, Managua, caguama, enagua, wa, ra, itu, iu, Ynagua, Abanagua, Trurks and Caicos, Bohechío, siguapa, pitahayas, macaguas, ike, buyai, payé, cucuyo, cocuyo, cachi, ebe, caicu, Kaya, guanín, nytaino, nitainí, cemí, mai, mai-ma, nali, mainabu, awasi, Maíta, xa, xara, xama, ika, ka, k', kue, bohío, buyío, arcabuco, bex, babonuco, tabonuco, cayuco, mabí, mapa, maba, mukén, buca, burenkén, Borinquen, héneru, cabuya, he, Bahomamey, Bahamam, aymamón, caney, catarey, mamee, xCa, Saona, o, na, bana, makey, cupey, Camaguey, higüey, turey, caiman, loro, boa, maharawe hi, tuna, athebeane nequén, daca, daka, Apito, Opia, aipppia, aipa'a. tabuco, toab, tuob, twa, tea, uturere, Utuai, utuai, guaitiao, Out of all these analyzed words and based on our citation database. Percentage of words still in use today in at least one language Percentage of extinct words 83.2% 16.8% Once again, these data seem to indicate a significance in the numerical prevalence of Taino voices. However, in order to establish the speaker—number relation necessary for language and cultural survival, notes and observations that could sustain this argument were identified within the primary source’s analysis of this thesis. The examples below are from different stages of our research where such occurrences were identified: a) Large number of captives and slave labor: pg. 21 of this study
P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system that ensured an average of at least 300 Indians to Spanish citizens: pg. 20 of this thesis c) Early Spanish adoption of Taino food and traditions, such as the consumption of cazabe, maiz, barbacoa and tabaco smoking: pg. 67, 57, 48, (sustain by quotes from de Las Casas, and Oviedo). d) A significant amount of Taino Spanish—bilingualism among the soldiers of the expedition, acknowledged by Bernal Diaz del Castillo: pg.74 of our research. e) A lower-class Spanish language on a pidgin and creolization process: pg. 108 of this work. f) Other Naborias from the earlier colonies, Cuba and Nicaragua: pg 67, 34 and 103 of BDC’s text. g) Negroes and Africans, previously identified to have adopted Taino culture in Hispaniola, among the soldiers and general population. h) Escaped naborias. All these points, identified throughout this study, could sustain the argument for Taino survival among the soldiers and early population of the conquest of New Spain. However, there is one more observation to be made before moving to the next topic: the silent role of Taino women as a significant factor of language conveyance. This was observed, because language is related to usage and need. As a matter of fact, words seldom survive beyond the existence of their description or beyond the extinction of the element they are describing. For example, the word bureau is only alive to this day because of our socio-political structure, if for some reason, our society were to collapse
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
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P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
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P a g e | 12 the world and later br
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P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
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P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
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P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
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P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
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P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
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P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
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P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
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P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
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P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
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P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
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P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
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P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
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P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
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P a g e | 40 significance because i
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P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
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P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
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P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
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P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
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P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
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P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
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P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
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P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
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P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
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P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
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P a g e | 62 words did not make it
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P a g e | 64 other words meaning
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P a g e | 66 common item to give an
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P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
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P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
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P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
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P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
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P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
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P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
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P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
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P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
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P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102: P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116: P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118: P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120: P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122: P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124: P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126: P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128: P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130: P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132: P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134: P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136: P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137: P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
Page 141 and 142: P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
Page 143 and 144: P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146: P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147: P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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