Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 121 Pic.45 Amulets from Puerto Rico 172 Pic.46 Vomiting spatula 173 Pic.47 Deities 174 Pic.48 Spirits of the dead Pic.49 The dead 175 Therefore, based on the archeological evidence and due to the event described in the chronology of the text, it can be argued that when BDC is referring to “squatting as a typical Indian stand”, he could well be referring to the way the naborias or servant Indian stood in front of their íques > ‘leaders’. 1.3 Naborias. This topic of squatting, as illustrated in the section above, leads us to our next Taino sociocultural element employed in BDC’s narrative. According to de Las Casas, Taino society consisted of the cacique > ‘chief’, the behique > ‘shaman’, the 172 (Fewkes, 1903-1904) 173 (Alegria, 1995) 174 (Cassa, 1974) 175 Ibid.263
P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles’ and the naboría > ‘subjects’ 176 . However, this final term took a completely different connotation after the establishment of the Spanish Encomienda system in the Caribbean, thus becoming a homologue or an absolute synonym of the European preconception of a slave. Nonetheless, this shift in the meaning of the naboria term from subject to slave can be identified very early across the chronicles of the colonization of the Antilles. As a matter of fact, one of the earliest linguistic comparisons of these two terms, joint by a correlative conjunction, can be found in the chronicles of Fernández de Oviedo. In his Natural and General History of the Indies, Oviedo states that “to prove his friendship, a cacique gave Diego de Salazar four naborias or slaves to serve him” 177 . Here, Oviedo equates the terms as interchangeable, thus connotating an evolution of the term from its original meaning. In earlier and contemporary accounts, the term was used as an equivalent of ‘subject’ or ‘servant’. Examples of these earlier and contemporary connotations can be found in Hernando Colon’s History of the Admiral and in Fray Bartolome de Las Casas’ Apologetic History. In the case of Hernando Colon, the term is defined as “favorite or servant” 178 comparable to the position of the vassals in the feudal system. On the other hand, de Las Casas compares naborias to an even more benevolent position by using the Spanish terms “sirvientes o criados”, which are a type of house help. Henceforward, the term evolved to become the synonym of slave described by Oviedo and later by BDC and the rest of the chroniclers. 176 (De las Casas, 1566) 177 (Fernandez de Oviedo, Historia general y natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierra-Firme del Mar , 1853, p. 472) 178 (Colón, 1571)
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
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P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
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P a g e | 12 the world and later br
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P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
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P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
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P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
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P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
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P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
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P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
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P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
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P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
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P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
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P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
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P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
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P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
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P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
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P a g e | 40 significance because i
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P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
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P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
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P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
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P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
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P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
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P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
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P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
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P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
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P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
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P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
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P a g e | 62 words did not make it
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P a g e | 64 other words meaning
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P a g e | 66 common item to give an
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P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78: P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80: P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102: P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116: P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118: P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120: P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121: P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 125 and 126: P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128: P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130: P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132: P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134: P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136: P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137 and 138: P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
Page 139 and 140: P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
Page 141 and 142: P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
Page 143 and 144: P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146: P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147: P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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