Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 63 mainland and those he had previously encountered in Cuba wearing naguas made of cotton. The use of the Nahuatl word masteles to refer to the Yucatan Indian attire at that moment of the chronology of the text seems to be out of context. The words to describe this item at that time of the narrative should have sounded like: eex > ‘underwear’, nook’ > ‘garments’, búuk > ‘clothes’ in Mayan. Instead, he employs a corruption of the Nahuatl maxtlatl > ‘loincloth’ to make his comparison to the Taino nagua. This could indicate a possible subsequent dictation of the text or a text written by memory after a transition of experience by the source. This observation is made because prior to his introduction of these words in the text, Diaz states that “they made hand signs so the Indians could come and speak to them because at the time they did not have anyone who could understand Yucatec or Mexican 100 ”. Here, Diaz is referring by name to two groups he is yet to know. On the other hand, when it comes to the word nagua (altered in its current form by the Spanish transcriptions, interpretations, and transliterations) we are presented with a very diverge series of possible interpretations for its etymology. Phonetically speaking, this word is composed by the prefix gnaá > ‘small 101 ’ and the suffix wa. However, this suffix wa could have many different connotations based on its place in the original word. It could mean ‘this’, ‘place’, ‘our’, ‘we’, ‘wa + ra’ > ‘surprise’. It could also be used to express adverbs and abstract adjectives like the English ‘—ly’ and ‘—ive’ and as a stative and intransitive verb. This construal is drawn from its Lokono cousin naáwa > ‘loincloth’ and from the its suffix gua phonetically found in Garifuna with 100 (Diaz del Castillo, Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana| Aparato de Variantes, 1632, p. 11) 101 (Granberry, 2003)
P a g e | 64 other words meaning ‘bundle’, ‘basket’, and ‘oneself’. On the other hand, in a phonological study by Colombian lexicologist Nicolas del Castillo Matheus the term appears to have a relationship with the Lokono ira terms íu > ‘hair’, itu > ‘thorn’ e.g. nágu íu > ‘my eyelash’ and nágu igi > ‘the pupils of my eyes ‘which are contained in the word iiírngii (Arawak iórorokp, Guajiro ayiíliikti menaing ‘pubic hair’) 102 . Pic 22 103 Arawak woman wearing a naawa with loro or higuaca, bow and arrows. Furthermore, it is possible that this word might have suffered a pre-Columbian alteration in Hispaniola by the addition of y, e and i as an adverbial prefix, thus explaining its spelling variance in the different texts across the Americas between nagua, enagua and inagua 104 . This dialectal alteration could have been a Spanish lexicalization, or it could have originated due to the ethnolinguistic distribution and geographical connection between the Lucayans and the Taino kingdom of Marién and central Haití—Maguá (Ciguayos and Macoríes) becoming enagua, ynagua and ínagua respectably. This is said, because the first mention of this word happened to be in a reference to a letter by Columbus referring to a series of islands of the Lucayan Indians island chain. The text reads as follows: 102 (del Castillo Matheu, 1977) 103 (Stedman, 1813) 104 (Herriquez Ureña, 1940)
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
Page 5 and 6:
P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
Page 13 and 14: P a g e | 12 the world and later br
Page 15 and 16: P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
Page 17 and 18: P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
Page 19 and 20: P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
Page 21 and 22: P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
Page 23 and 24: P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
Page 25 and 26: P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
Page 27 and 28: P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
Page 29 and 30: P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
Page 31 and 32: P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
Page 33 and 34: P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37 and 38: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 39 and 40: P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78: P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80: P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102: P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
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P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
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P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
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P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
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P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
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P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
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P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
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P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
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P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
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P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
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P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
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P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
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P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
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P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
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P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
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P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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