Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 25 1)__Cultural usage of the Taino carrying higüeras to greet Columbus’ ships: Luego se echan todos a nadar y la enderezan y vacían con calabazas que traen ellos 40 . In the text above Columbus states that the Taino used the calabazas to empty the water from inside their canoes. y traía un poco de su pan, que sería tanto como el puño, y una calabaza de agua y un pedazo de tierra bermeja hecha en polvo y después amasada 41 . le hice pedir agua, y ellos, después que fui en la nao, vinieron luego a la playa con sus calabazas llenas y folgaron mucho de dárnosla 42 . In these above paragraphs of the journal, Columbus illustrates that the Taino used the calabazas as water containers. As a matter of fact, this paragraph from Columbus’ journal also gives us an example of Taino culinary culture defining the size of the portions, how the food was accompanied by water as drink, and how they used a seasoning in the preparation of the orange paste known today as bija (Taino) or achiote (Nahuatl). Subió una montaña arriba y después hallóla toda llana y sembrada de muchas cosas de la tierra y calabazas, que era gloria vella; y en medio de ella estaba una gran población. 43 The paragraph above is of extreme significance because it stablishes the cultivation of higüera trees and other crops as part of Taino agriculture. The text also illustrates the arrangement of the fields in relationship with the houses and the town. The text states that the Taino placed their houses in the middle of their gardens. 40 (Colombus, 1493, p. 11) 41 (p. 14) 42 (p. 18) 43 (p. 37)
P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a nos traer pan que hacen de niames, a que ellos llaman ajes, que es muy blanco y bueno, y nos traían agua en calabazas y en cántaras de barro de la hechura de las de Castilla, y nos traían cuanto en el mundo tenían y sabían que el Almirante quería 44 In this final mention of higüera in Columbus’ journal the calabaza is used yet again for water storage in conjunction with clay pottery. However, this paragraph is very significant due to the strange usage of the Congo-Bantú word ñame prior to the mention of the Taino words ajes and the description of casaba >’bread’ in the text which seem to hint to a previous connection between Africans and Europeans prior to their arrival to the Americas or a possible post edition of the original text by a different writer with the introduction of new words. Chapter I, page 5 True History of the Conquest of New Spain porque, como digo, no lo sé, salvo en las guerras y batallas y pacificaciones, como en ellas me hallé. Porque yo soy el que vine desde la isla de Cuba de los primeros, en compañía de un capitán que se decía Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 45 . The next Taino word mentioned in Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s text is the word Cuba. Used to designate the island of Cuba or the kingdom of cacique Hatuey. This word it’s believed to come from the original name of the Cubanacan region meaning 44 (Colombus, 1493) 45 (Diaz del Castillo, Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España | Aparato de Variantes, 2011)
Page 1 and 2: Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
Page 3 and 4: P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
Page 5 and 6: P a g e | 4 European languages such
Page 7 and 8: P a g e | 6 first time the language
Page 9 and 10: P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
Page 11 and 12: P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
Page 13 and 14: P a g e | 12 the world and later br
Page 15 and 16: P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
Page 17 and 18: P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
Page 19 and 20: P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
Page 21 and 22: P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
Page 23 and 24: P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
Page 25: P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
Page 29 and 30: P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
Page 31 and 32: P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
Page 33 and 34: P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37 and 38: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 39 and 40: P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78:
P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80:
P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82:
P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84:
P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86:
P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88:
P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90:
P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92:
P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94:
P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96:
P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98:
P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100:
P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102:
P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104:
P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106:
P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108:
P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110:
P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112:
P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114:
P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116:
P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118:
P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120:
P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122:
P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124:
P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126:
P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128:
P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130:
P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132:
P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134:
P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136:
P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137 and 138:
P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
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P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146:
P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147:
P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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