Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 119 Central America. For that reason, any behavioral reference could be placed in the premainland context. However, it is in Taino archeology where we find our connection to this Taino squatting behavior described by BDC. The following images are from Taino duhos sits: Duho of cacique Pic.36 Duho of cacique Pic.37 Lucayan duho 162 The duhos were the traditional sits of the caciques. In fact, they were considered part of the cacique’s most valuable possessions. According to Oviedo, only caciques sat in these duho 163 and were considered of such a great importance, that they were usually buried together with the chief, along with his riches and the most beloved of his wives, which they called athebeane nequén 164 . Furthermore, duhos are common across Caribbean archeology. 162 (Ostapkowicz, The Study of Lucayan Duhos | Either a Piece of Domestic Furniture or One of Their Gods, 2015) 163 (Fernandez de Oviedo, Historia general y natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierra-Firme del Mar , 1853, p. 165) 164 Ibid. 134
P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribution across the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos 165 . However, when it comes to the behique > ‘shaman’ effigies, which are the only other figures in Taino archeology that appear sitting in an object, we notice a differentiation in the type of duho. They are often plain, without arch, back support or decorative sculptures. The images below are from behique archeology. Pic.39 Behique. 166 Pic.40 Manatial de la Aleta 167 . Pic.41 Behique 168 Pic.42 Behique 169 As it can be observed, duhos appeared to be reserved for the caciques and behíques. After that, everyone and everything seem to be squatting: Pic.43 Naborias effigies from Hispaniola 170 Pic.44 Naborias effigies from Hispaniola and Cuba 171 165 (Ostapkowicz, The Study of Lucayan Duhos | Either a Piece of Domestic Furniture or One of Their Gods, 2015) 166 (García Arévalo, 2001) 167 (Conrad, Foster, & Beeker, 2001) 168 (Pozzi, 2011, p. 11) 169 (Fewkes, 1903-1904) 170 (Cassa, 1974) 171 (Oliver, 2009)
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
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P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
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P a g e | 4 European languages such
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P a g e | 6 first time the language
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P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
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P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
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P a g e | 12 the world and later br
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P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
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P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
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P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the
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P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
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P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
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P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
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P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
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P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
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P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
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P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
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P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
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P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
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P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
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P a g e | 40 significance because i
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P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
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P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
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P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
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P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
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P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
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P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
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P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
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P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
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P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
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P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
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P a g e | 62 words did not make it
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P a g e | 64 other words meaning
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P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70: P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72: P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74: P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76: P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78: P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80: P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82: P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84: P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86: P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88: P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90: P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92: P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94: P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96: P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98: P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100: P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102: P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104: P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106: P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108: P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110: P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112: P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114: P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116: P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118: P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119: P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 123 and 124: P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126: P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128: P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130: P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132: P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134: P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136: P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137 and 138: P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
Page 139 and 140: P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
Page 141 and 142: P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
Page 143 and 144: P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146: P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147: P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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