Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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P a g e | 17 CHAPTER 2 | SOCIOCULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TRUE HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF NEW SPAIN. Chapter I, page3 True History of the Conquest of New Spain Bernal Díaz del Castillo, vecino e regidor de la muy leal cibdad de Santiago de Guatemala, uno de los primeros descubridores y conquistadores de la Nueva España y sus provincias, y Cabo de Honduras y Higüeras 22 The first Taino word found in the text is the word Higüeras. This word in conjunction with the Spanish plural (s) is used in the text to designate a place in Honduras, Central America where there seem to be a great amount of calabash trees (Credential Cujete). Pic. 2 Image of a Higuera or Jicaro tree 23 However, Higüera is a Taino word composed of two different phonemes. The first one is the prefix hi, jí or xí meaning (wild or of the mountain) which can be found hidden in the words: jiba > ‘mountain’, cohiba > ‘wild leaves’, original name for the 22 (p. 15) 23 (Rosales, 2019)
P a g e | 18 cigar made out of the tobacco > ‘verb to smoke’, jicotea > ‘wild turtle’, jí-baro > ‘mountain man’ and in jí-caro (s) (which in some Spanish speaking countries is used to designate the entrails of dry fruits of dead trees. In the case of Mexico, the word jí-caro (a) is also used to name the higüera tree itself) 24 . The phoneme hi, jí or xí can also be found as a stem in the words ají > ‘wild pepper’, gua-jí-ro >(Cuba) (a synonym of jíbaro). Though, it is important to note that in the case of guajiro the term seems to have evolved by the addition of the prefix gua > ‘spear’, ‘cacti’, ‘warrior’ and with the omission of the term ba > ‘peaceful as the forest’, ‘majestic’, ‘calm’, e.g. cei-ba > ‘majestic—sacred tree’, cao-ba > ‘majestic—golden tree’. Nonetheless, these modifications to the Cuban term jibaro hints to a possible linguistic evolution, corruption or phonetic variance of jibaro into the Cuban jiro. It is important to note that the word gua as a prefix to the word used in the Cuban version of the term seems to indicate a resistance or a warrior culture from the guajibaros of the mountain. Whereas in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola the term refers to a ji(ba)ro > ‘shy mountain man’, in Cuba it defines a guajiro > ‘wild-warrior-mountain man’. The suffix of the word mentioned in the text is the stem güera-s. This phoneme (without the Spanish plural) can be identified in the words: guiro > ‘bump’, ‘inflated chick’, güira > ‘scratcher bump’. This word can also be found in the Wayuunaiki as wüirü > ‘pumpkin’, ‘higüera’. However, Güiro (a) is also used to designate the fruit of the tree. This fruit, was and it’s still used in numerous Latin American countries in a great number of Taino artifacts such as: plates called morros (in many places of Central America the morros are also known by the marriage of the Taino word gua and the 24 (Diaz del Castillo, Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana| Aparato de Variantes, 1632)
Page 1 and 2: Language of the Voiceless: Traces o
Page 3 and 4: P a g e | 2 CHAPTER I | AN INTRODUC
Page 5 and 6: P a g e | 4 European languages such
Page 7 and 8: P a g e | 6 first time the language
Page 9 and 10: P a g e | 8 to describe constrictor
Page 11 and 12: P a g e | 10 Hammock: The Spanish c
Page 13 and 14: P a g e | 12 the world and later br
Page 15 and 16: P a g e | 14 Once again, these word
Page 17: P a g e | 16 V Research Limitations
Page 21 and 22: P a g e | 20 in the surviving cousi
Page 23 and 24: P a g e | 22 Pic.4 Hoyo de Sanabe C
Page 25 and 26: P a g e | 24 Higüera es árbol gra
Page 27 and 28: P a g e | 26 y los otros de allá a
Page 29 and 30: P a g e | 28 porque nacan quiere de
Page 31 and 32: P a g e | 30 of the mainland such a
Page 33 and 34: P a g e | 32 describe the name of t
Page 35 and 36: P a g e | 34 […] el gobernador de
Page 37 and 38: P a g e | 36 […] nos habíamos de
Page 39 and 40: P a g e | 38 island of the guano of
Page 41 and 42: P a g e | 40 significance because i
Page 43 and 44: P a g e | 42 paragraph, de Las Casa
Page 45 and 46: P a g e | 44 23, 1533 were the enco
Page 47 and 48: P a g e | 46 certain familiarity an
Page 49 and 50: P a g e | 48 ‘hanging’ and atab
Page 51 and 52: P a g e | 50 the different Arawak l
Page 53 and 54: P a g e | 52 a)—Mentions in a 151
Page 55 and 56: P a g e | 54 Diaz del Castillo in 1
Page 57 and 58: P a g e | 56 Y una mañana, que fue
Page 59 and 60: P a g e | 58 ‘not’ + guayacan >
Page 61 and 62: P a g e | 60 The above quote and il
Page 63 and 64: P a g e | 62 words did not make it
Page 65 and 66: P a g e | 64 other words meaning
Page 67 and 68: P a g e | 66 common item to give an
Page 69 and 70:
P a g e | 68 assi, es entre las rel
Page 71 and 72:
P a g e | 70 Con frutas de siguapas
Page 73 and 74:
P a g e | 72 cacique, dijo por señ
Page 75 and 76:
P a g e | 74 ‘uppermost’ + ya >
Page 77 and 78:
P a g e | 76 differentiation of the
Page 79 and 80:
P a g e | 78 chief of that place, w
Page 81 and 82:
P a g e | 80 garden’. It is corre
Page 83 and 84:
P a g e | 82 Pic.25 Pic.26 Pic.27 P
Page 85 and 86:
P a g e | 84 y en esta Española, y
Page 87 and 88:
P a g e | 86 into its etymology. Ho
Page 89 and 90:
P a g e | 88 and a paragraph in Cha
Page 91 and 92:
P a g e | 90 the place where this t
Page 93 and 94:
P a g e | 92 Pic.33, 34 Taino trigo
Page 95 and 96:
P a g e | 94 describing the term fr
Page 97 and 98:
P a g e | 96 + sabra > Spanish corr
Page 99 and 100:
P a g e | 98 the introduction of an
Page 101 and 102:
P a g e | 100 Nonetheless, if we us
Page 103 and 104:
P a g e | 102 However, what is impo
Page 105 and 106:
P a g e | 104 hammock, sharing its
Page 107 and 108:
P a g e | 106 y con muchos indios d
Page 109 and 110:
P a g e | 108 The quote above is fr
Page 111 and 112:
P a g e | 110 trees, but of high, a
Page 113 and 114:
P a g e | 112 Éstas, por la lengua
Page 115 and 116:
P a g e | 114 matase ni hiriese a n
Page 117 and 118:
P a g e | 116 the epoch, but also f
Page 119 and 120:
P a g e | 118 explain the prevalenc
Page 121 and 122:
P a g e | 120 Pic.38 Duho distribut
Page 123 and 124:
P a g e | 122 nytainos > ‘nobles
Page 125 and 126:
P a g e | 124 am”, does not fit S
Page 127 and 128:
P a g e | 126 (Nahuatl), tunuum (Mi
Page 129 and 130:
P a g e | 128 after a battle won by
Page 131 and 132:
P a g e | 130 This is relevant beca
Page 133 and 134:
P a g e | 132 Yanomami of Venezuela
Page 135 and 136:
P a g e | 134 linguistic registry o
Page 137 and 138:
P a g e | 136 Additionally, if whil
Page 139 and 140:
P a g e | 138 b) Encomienda system
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P a g e | 140 the Spanish who carri
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P a g e | 142 Casas, d. L. (2015).
Page 145 and 146:
P a g e | 144 (2007). Caribbean Stu
Page 147:
P a g e | 146 Robiou Lamarche, S. (
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Language of the Voiceless: Traces of Taino Language, Food, and Culture in the Americas From 1492 to the Present

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