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concern was focused on strengthening the country’s independence and its
people’s democratic system. In economics and politics a number of important
measures carried out aimed at liquidating feudal serfdom, gradually restricting
the rights of feudal lords, annulling foreign debts, confiscating the properly of
the rich and excluding foreign capital from the home market. Thus the problem
of liquidating feudal relations and ensuring the country’s independence not only
politically, but economically, was successfully solved.
The complexity of settling these great social problems was conditioned by
the low level of economy and culture in the country, a carry-over from the past,
by the international and domestic situation of the time. In spite of everything the
growing tendency toward progressive democratic development of the country
was able to overcome the old feudal relations.
Besides solving these problems at this stage a completely new socialist
sector was being formed and strengthened in such leading branches as industry
commerce, financial-credit and the transport system.
It was necessary to promote animal husbandry, as the traditional branch of
the country’s economy, and to supplement this with agriculture new branch.
Throughout many years, the people’s government carried out the enormous
task of increasing the marketing of livestock produce on a wide scale, constantly
supporting the poor and middle-class arats. As a result the poor arat households,
on the average, reached the standards of the middle-class arats.
The logic of life and the experience of the socialist transformation of
agriculture in the Soviet Union pointed to the necessity of ensuring such socioeconomic
relations in the countryside as would really guarantee the arats against
new forms of poverty, exploitation and social inequality.
Such relations could be established only through socialist cooperation.
Cooperation of the nomadic arat farmsteads demanded that historical,
domestic specific features, traditions, customs, of the nomadic way of life of the
arats be taken into account.
The People’s Party and Government supported and encouraged, beginning with
the 30’s the voluntary cooperation of arat la.our employing traditional elements of
ardinary joint labour (joint sheep shearing, digging of wells and so on) and later
socialization in the most elementary way of some of the means of production.
It is well known that these correct undertaking were perverted by the ‘leftists’
in 1930-1932. But the main thing is that the People’s Party and Government
openly criticized and resolutely rectified the mistakes of the leftists and
reasserted the correct line. As regards the miscalculation and mistakes, they took
place because of subjective reasons and were accidental and temporary, having
nothing in common with the concept of socialist cooperation.
The most important role in this process belonged to the arat producers
associations-APA, which were set up in 1934: the most advanced began achieving
visible success in the development of socialized economy, and in the increased living
standards APA members, because of the great aid received from the government.
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