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Chapter 8 – Clustering in Seaports 95 Table 24 summarizes all firms and non-business organizations included in the cluster. For a small number of firms, identification on the basis of an industry classification, such as NAICS is not possible, because the classification does not distinguish these firms. The firms have to be identified ‘bottom up’ on the basis of industry sources. Table 24: Cluster activities with relevant industry classifications Component Description according to NAICS code Cargo handling Port and Harbor Operations (48831), Marine Cargo Handling (48832) Navigational Services to Shipping1 (48833), Terminal suppliers, Port engineering (No code) Transport Pipeline Transportation of Refined Petroleum Products (48691) Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil (48611), Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals (42271) Other Support Activities for Water Transportation (48839), Line-Haul Railroads (482111) Inland Water Freight Transportation (483211), Freight Trucking, Long-Distance (48412) Deep Sea Freight Transportation (483111), Coastal Freight Transportation (483113). Logistics Freight Transportation arrangement3 (4885), Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage (49312) General Warehousing and Storage (49311), Other Warehousing and Storage (49319) Process, Physical Distribution, and Logistics Consulting Services (541614). Manu- facturing 4 Ship Building and Repairing 2 (336611), Petroleum refineries (324) Basic chemical manufacturing (3251), Flour milling and malt manufacturing (31121) iron and steel mills (33111), Metal processing (3314) Artificial and synthetic fibers manufacturing (3252) Specialized suppliers of manufacturing firms (No code). Trade Transportation Equipment and Supplies (except Motor Vehicle) Wholesalers (42186) Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers (42272) Metal & mineral wholesale (4215), Grain and Field Bean Wholesalers (42251) Chemical product wholesalers (4226), Commodity related trade intermediaries (No code). Associations Port cluster association, business associations, for instance for cargo handling, survey, inland shipping and container repair, marketing and export promotion associations. Public-private Organizations enhancing knowledge development, sustainable production, port labor pool. organizations Public Educational organizations, customs, traffic control, pilotage (in come cases private) and port organizations authorities. 1 Towage is regarded as part of cargo handling, other firms as transport. 2 Only ship repair is included in the cluster. 3 Logistics service providers and forwarders are classified as ‘logistics’, ship’s agents as transport. 4 Only activities located at ‘deepwater sites’ or otherwise closely related to the port cluster (for instance, by pipeline infrastructure to the port, or the ownership of a terminal in the port).
96 8.4 The relevant port cluster region The Performance of Seaport Clusters Cargo handling is located in the primary port area (quays and terminals). Other cluster activities are not necessarily located in the primary port area. For instance, some services are located in the central business district of the port city and distribution activities near transport infrastructure to the hinterland. Van Klink (1995) shows that other transport nodes and logistics zones are functionally strongly related to the port. Thus, the relevant cluster region of the port is larger than the primary port area. The size and structure of the relevant port region differs between ports. The concept of a relevant region implies that beyond a certain distance, municipalities are not included in the relevant port region. The relevant region includes municipalities that meet two conditions: 1) in the proximity of the seaport, and 2) a high concentration of port related activities. The relevant region generally includes: • The primary port area. • The business district of the port city (see Slack 1988). • Secondary nodes in the proximity of the primary seaport (see van Klink 1995). • Municipalities in the vicinity of the port with a concentration of port service activities. 8.5 The cluster population and port region in Rotterdam The cluster population of Rotterdam can be analyzed with the use of firm statistics registered by the Chambers of Commerce in the Netherlands. Registration is obligatory, so all firms are included in this dataset. Some of the firms in the dataset are merely ‘legal entities’ created for fiscal reasons. Therefore the number of ‘real’ firms is overestimated. This shortcoming is not important for the purposes of this study, because the general picture of Rotterdam’s cluster is fairly reliable.
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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178 Table 74: Number of experts tha
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180 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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182 The evolution in market shares
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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