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Chapter 9 – Structure and Governance in Seaport Clusters; Literature Review 111 9.3 Governance and performance in seaports; literature review In the theoretical part, four performance variables related to the governance of a cluster were identified. For each of those, the port specific literature is reviewed. 9.3.1 The relation between cluster governance and cluster performance The concept ‘cluster governance’ has not been applied to seaport clusters; it is a new approach for analyzing seaports. The role of port authorities 70 has been studied extensively (Goss, 1990A and 1990B, Stevens, 1999). Notwithstanding the important roles of port authorities 71 , limiting the analysis of cluster governance to an analysis of the port authority is shortsighted, because it neglects the roles of other actors in the governance of a port cluster. The behavior of the port authority is conditioned by the behavior of other actors in the cluster and port authorities are ‘responsive’ to initiatives from the private sector. This implies that the role of the private sector should receive attention when analyzing governance in port clusters. 9.3.2 Trust Even though the notion of a port community has been dealt with (Fleming, 1987) the issue of trust in clusters has not been analyzed. Haezendonck (2001) shows that both cooperation within the cluster and cooperation with actors outside the cluster are relevant; she does not analyze what factors influence cooperation or the role of trust in enabling cooperation. 70 Stevens (1999) for instance analyzed the institutional position of port authorities in seaports, but nevertheless the title of his book is ‘the institutional position of seaports’. 71 Drewry Shipping Consultants put it like this: ‘The modern port can be described as a community of independent enterprises tied together by a common interest in maritime affairs. Central to this community is an entity known as the port authority, always a regulator, usually a landowner, often a developer and sometimes a terminal operator’ (Drewry Shipping Consultants, 1998, p 6).
112 9.3.3 The presence of intermediaries The Performance of Seaport Clusters The changing position of intermediaries in the (trans)port industry has been analyzed by Verhoeff (1980), but not with reference to their role in governance. Haezendonck (2001) identifies the presence of intermediaries as a potential source of competitive advantage and finds that the presence of intermediaries, more specifically forwarders and shipping agents, adds to the competitiveness of Antwerp’s port cluster. At least six intermediaries play a role in the port cluster: • Forwarders, mediating between shippers and providers of transport services. • Non-asset based logistics service providers, mediating between shippers and providers of logistics services, such as storage, quality control and assembling. • Ship brokers, mediating between shipowners and providers of shipping services. • Ship’s agents, mediating between shipowners and providers of port services and mediating between shipowners and shippers. • Commodity traders, mediating between producers of commodities and buyers of those commodities. • Associations. This is a different kind of intermediary, because its aim is to promote the interests of its members, but is included in the analysis of intermediaries, since it has an important mediating role, for instance between different members, between members and the government and between members and research institutes. 9.3.4 Embedded leader firms In the theoretical part we defined leader firms as ‘firms with the ability and incentives to make investment with positive effects for other firms in the cluster’. Studies on the presence and behavior of such firms in the port industry are lacking. The only actor that has been attributed a role of a leader firm is the port authority (Drewry Shipping Consultants, 1998 and Winkelmans and Notteboom, 2001). De Langen and Nijdam (2003) analyze leader firm behavior in the maritime cluster, and show that leader firms do create substantial benefits for other firms in the cluster. Callahan (1981) analyzes the role of ‘port barons’ in Rotterdam in the 19 th century.
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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Chapter 11 - Governance and Perform
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178 Table 74: Number of experts tha
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180 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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182 The evolution in market shares
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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