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Chapter 8 – Clustering in Seaports 85 • Throughput volume is used as performance indicator. This indicator is at best a partial indicator of performance. It might be a good indicator for the performance of the cargo handling industry, but the port cluster encompasses many activities whose performance is not directly related to cargo throughput. • The use of Porter’s work that, even though widely used in practice, is criticized by economists for being simplistic. This study aims to build on the work of Haezendonck and others, by addressing the issues discussed above and by comparing three port clusters. 8.2 The economic specialization of seaport clusters The first step to construct a cluster is to identify the economic specialization of the cluster. In the case of seaports the core specialization is the arrival of goods and ships. All activities related to the arrival of goods and ships are included in the port cluster. The importance of favorable geographical conditions, such as the presence of a navigable river and deepwater shelters and the structure of the seabed, combined with economies of scale of port facilities, explain the concentration of the arrival of ships and goods in a limited number of ports (instead of a ‘scattered’ distribution of terminals along the coast). All economic activities that are required to enable the loading and unloading of cargo and ships are included in the port cluster. These activities include terminal handling, pilotage and towage. The arrival of ships and goods attracts related economic activities. For this reason Fujita et al (1999) and (Krugman 1995) mention the role of ports as drivers of agglomeration in cities. 8.3 Port cluster activities and non-business organizations The port cluster consists of all economic activities related to the arrival of goods and ships. A first impression of port cluster activities stems from the analysis of cluster associations. In one of the three cases, Rotterdam, a port cluster association exists. The structure of this association (Deltalinqs) is given in Figure 13.
86 Figure 13: The port cluster association in Rotterdam Port cluster association Deltalinqs Firms in cargo handling, transport, logistics and trade Associated in SVZ Regional associations for specific industries VRC: ship’s agents VRMO: bulk stevedores VRS: stevedores FENEX: forwarders LRR: pilots TLN: transport and logistics VEROCOG: grain traders & forwarders VAB: other port related firms National associations, located in Rotterdam CBRB: inland shipping NVS: ship suppliers The Performance of Seaport Clusters Manufacturing firms Associated in EBB -Chemicals -Contractors -Utilities -Oil refining Deltalinqs is the best example of a port cluster association, but in other ports associations that unite various port related firms exist as well. In Rotterdam, the Rotterdam Port Promotion Council (RPPC, http://www.rppc.nl), in the Lower Mississippi, the Mississippi River Trade and Transport Council, and in Durban, the Durban Port Liaison Committee, are examples of associations with different port related members. On the basis of this preliminary evidence, five broad groups of port cluster activities are identified: cargo handling activities, transport activities, logistics activities, manufacturing activities and trading activities. Further analysis should provide a basis to identify port cluster activities in more detail. The first step is a ‘qualitative value chain analysis’. Transport activities are part of a port cluster, since a port is a part in a transport chain. Most cargo is transported further by means of inland modes, such as road, rail and inland waterway. Thus, (branches of) transport firms are located in ports and are so strongly related to the arrival of goods and services that they are included in the port cluster. This applies to all firms involved in freight transport. Logistics activities, such as storage, re-packing and assembling are included in a port cluster, because goods are stored in ports. Differences in the scale of ships and inland
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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Page 52 and 53: 5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 10 - Structure and Performa
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11 GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN SE
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Chapter 11 - Governance and Perform
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178 Table 74: Number of experts tha
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180 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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182 The evolution in market shares
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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