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Chapter 9 – Structure and Governance in Seaport Clusters; Literature Review 109 9.2 Structure and performance in port clusters; research set-up Table 32 shows the research set-up used for the cases. The survey propositions are derived from the literature review in the preceding section. Some issues receive special attention in the expert interviews and desk research, because they are relevant in seaports, but have not been addressed in the literature. 69 Haralambides et al (2002) deal with terminal concessions, but not with reference to the issue of entry barriers.
110 The Performance of Seaport Clusters Table 32: Research findings, survey questions and issues related to the structure of port clusters Issue Relevant research Agglomerationeconomies Internal competition Cluster barriers Heterogeneity Knowledge and information are concentrated in ports (Slack 1988) Congestion and high land prices can be observed in some ports (Musso et al, 2000). Internal competition contributes to the competitivene ss of a port (Haezendonck , 2001) European Commission (2001) claims market access in European seaports is limited. No studies, Winkelmans (1984) states that the sum of the port cluster is more than its individual components. Survey propositions (P1 to P16) and additional survey questions P1: The presence of a labor pool is a reason for firms to locate in a seaport. P1a: Because the port labor pool is relatively overpaid and unionized, firms prefer to locate outside seaports. P2: The presence of suppliers and customers is a reason for firms to locate in a seaport. P3: The presence of (specific) knowledge and information is a reason for firms to locate in a seaport. P4: Relatively much congestion in and around seaports causes a relocation of firms to locations outside the seaport cluster. P5: Relatively high land prices and office rent prices in a seaport cluster causes a relocation of firms outside the seaport cluster. P6:Internal competition reduces ‘switching costs’ for port users. P7: The presence of internal competition fosters specialization P8:Internal competition is characterized by social involvement and pride. This increases the fierceness of competition Respondents are asked to assess the fierceness of internal competition in five markets. P9: The access to (tacit) knowledge and networks is a ‘cluster specific barrier’ for entry and start-up P10: The unavailability of ‘local capital’ is a cluster specific barrier for start-up P11: The presence of labor that is ‘sticky’ to the port cluster is a cluster specific exit barrier P12: The presence of port specific investments is a cluster specific exit barrier P13: Barriers that prevent firms from ‘leaving the cluster increase the performance of port clusters P13a: High cluster exit barriers have a negative effect on the performance of that cluster in the long run, because they reduce the pressure to renew the economic base of that cluster. P14: The heterogeneity of the cluster population enlarges opportunities for cooperation and innovation P14a: Cooperation between firms inside clusters is of minor importance compared to cooperation between firms in clusters and others outside clusters. P15: Heterogeneity of the cluster population reduces the vulnerability of a cluster for external shocks. P16: Heterogeneity of the resource base of a cluster reduces the vulnerability for external shocks. Respondents are asked to indicate the importance of three dimensions of heterogeneity. Issues for expert interviews and desk research How important is the presence of knowledge and information? What are the effects of fierce internal competition? What is the ‘dynamic effect’ of exit barriers? Do firms cooperate with partners at a relatively large ‘cognitive distance’?
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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56 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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Chapter 11 - Governance and Perform
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178 Table 74: Number of experts tha
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180 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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182 The evolution in market shares
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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