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Chapter 12 – Analyzing Strenghts and Weaknesses of Seaport Clusters 183 A comparison can be made between the performance of the port clusters in Rotterdam and Antwerp. For both ports figures on the value added and throughput volume are available. Figure 17shows the evolution of the value added per ton cargo. Figure 17: Relation between value added and volume in Rotterdam and Antwerp 60 50 40 € per ton 30 20 10 0 Value per ton: a comparison between Rotterdam and Antwerp Antwerp Rotterdam 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 year These figures show that Rotterdam’s port cluster did not perform very well in terms of throughput performance: market share was lost in most commodities to other ports. Especially Antwerp gained substantial market share between 1995 and 2001. However, in terms of value added generated in the cluster, the performance of Rotterdam was relatively good: while the value added per ton declined in Antwerp from 1996 to 2001, it rose in Rotterdam in the same period. This conclusion can be related to the strengths and weaknesses of the port of Rotterdam, and allows a provisional conclusion: Rotterdam’s weaknesses (high land prices and lower quality of the labor pool) have especially had an impact of throughput volumes, while its strengths (input-output relations, knowledge spillovers and diversity) have secured a relatively good performance in value added.
184 The Performance of Seaport Clusters 12.2 Strengths and weaknesses of Durban’s port cluster Table 80 shows the score of Durban’s port cluster compared to the score Richard’s Bay (RB) and the average score of the 6 port clusters. Table 80: Strengths and weaknesses of Durban’s port cluster Variable D RB Research findings The level of congestion -2.1 1.8 Significantly worse than in Richard’s Bay and other 6 ports The level of land prices and office rents -1.3 3.1 Significantly worse than in Richard’s Bay and other 6 ports The presence of intermediaries -0.6 1.7 Significantly worse than in Richard’s Bay and other 6 ports The presence of a labor force The presence of cluster entry barriers 2.2 1.5 (access to local knowledge, networks and capital) -0.6 -0.3 The presence of cluster exit barriers (immobile staff and fixed investments) 0.2 0.0 The quality of collective action regimes 93 2.6 2.3 The presence of knowledge spillovers 2.5 0.9 Significantly better than in Richard’s Bay The diversity of the cluster population 3.3 0.4 Significantly better than in Richard’s Bay and other 6 ports The presence of a culture of trust 3.2 0.8 Significantly better than in Richard’s Bay and other 6 ports The presence of customers and suppliers 3.4 1.5 Significantly better than in Richard’s Bay and other 6 ports The presence of embedded leader firms 2.8 0.6 Significantly better than in Richard’s Bay and other 6 ports The presence of internal competition 1.9 -0.5 Significantly better than in Richard’s Bay Average scores on a scale from –5 (very bad) to +5 (very good) * Significantly higher score than in other two regions ** Significantly lower score than in two other regions The weaknesses of Durban’s port cluster are first the level of congestion, second the level of land prices and office rents and third the presence of intermediaries. 93 This score is very high compared to the evaluation of the five regimes: compared to Richard’s Bay the quality is good, but a comparison with the other cases would be misleading.
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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7 ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEAP
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Chapter 7 - Analyzing the Performan
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8 CLUSTERING IN SEAPORTS In this ch
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Chapter 8 - Clustering in Seaports
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106 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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112 9.3.3 The presence of intermedi
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118 Figure 15: Optimal investment q
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10 STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE IN SEA
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Chapter 10 - Structure and Performa
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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