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Chapter 13 – Conclusions for Analyzing Clusters 197 Figure 19: A cluster association Cluster association (Regional) associations for specific industries Firms in the cluster Cluster associations exist in other clusters as well 94 , but are relatively new phenomena and have not been addressed in the literature. Thus, the concept of a cluster association is an addition to the theory on clusters and governance in clusters. 13.10 Cluster managers A final contribution to theories on (governance in) clusters is the concept of a cluster manager. The case studies revealed that the port authority plays a very central role in the governance of the cluster. Especially in Rotterdam, the traditional landlord model of the port authority does not capture the deep involvement of the port authority in the cluster. The alternative developed in this study, is the concept of a ‘cluster manager’. The ‘perfect’ institutional setting of a cluster manager was analyzed. In this setting the cluster manager is a not-for-profit organization that generates income through a ‘cluster tax’ and re-invests this income to improve the performance of the cluster in the long run. In the perfect setting, the cluster manager can create co-finance arrangements with firms that benefit from the investments. 94 Examples include the ‘Dutch Maritime Cluster’ (www.nml.nl).
198 The Performance of Seaport Clusters The institutional setting of port authorities closely resembles this ‘perfect setting’: port authorities are mostly not-for-profit, generate revenues from fairly general port charges and make investments to improve the performance of the cluster. Special to the port authority is its revenue structure, which creates substantial resources to act as a cluster manager. This particular institutional setting contributes to the quality of the governance in seaport cluster. The port authority is special in this respect; in other clusters organizations with a similar institutional position are missing. We argue that the cluster manager model of port authorities is a relatively advanced arrangement to govern clusters. 13.11 Relations between the different variables The different variables of cluster performance are related. For instance, a better training and education regime (governance) strengthens the agglomeration economy of a shared labor pool (structure). These interrelations are assumed to be positive or neutral: when the quality of one of the variables increases, this has either no effect or a positive effect on the other variables. In general, these positive effects run from the governance variables to the structure variables, since some governance efforts aim to improve the structure of the cluster. Improvements of the structure of the cluster do not ‘automatically’ lead to better cluster governance. The following positive interrelations were found in the case studies: • The presence of intermediaries leads to more knowledge spillovers. Intermediaries also lower the entry barriers of a cluster, since intermediaries make knowledge and networks more open. • More trust leads to more knowledge spillovers, since firms are more inclined to share knowledge. • More leader firm behavior leads to more agglomeration forces, since leader firms improve the quality of the labor pool and improve knowledge spillovers in the cluster. More leader firm behavior can also lead to more internal competition. In various cases, including Huntsman in Rotterdam and Rennies in Durban, leader firms induce competition. • Better collective action regimes lead to stronger agglomeration effects, lower cluster barriers (for example the hinterland access regime in Rotterdam), and more heterogeneity (especially though marketing and promotion efforts).
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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7 ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEAP
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Chapter 7 - Analyzing the Performan
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8 CLUSTERING IN SEAPORTS In this ch
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Chapter 8 - Clustering in Seaports
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106 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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112 9.3.3 The presence of intermedi
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118 Figure 15: Optimal investment q
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10 STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE IN SEA
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Chapter 10 - Structure and Performa
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11 GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN SE
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Chapter 11 - Governance and Perform
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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