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Chapter 4 – Variables of Cluster Performance 33 Behavioral factors also influence the performance of a cluster. Economic actors are rational, but only boundedly so (see Simon, 1965 and Hodgson, 1998). Therefore, apart from (rational choice based) structural factors behavioral factors influence the performance of clusters. The ‘boundaries’ of rationality originate from uncertainty, imperfect information and routine behavior (Nelson and Winter, 1982). Analyzing behavior leads to attention for processes of change. Such processes differ substantially between firms, countries and clusters. The central behavioral issue in a cluster is the interaction of firms in the cluster 13 . This interaction affects the performance of the cluster. The term cluster governance can be used to describe how actors in the cluster interact. The distinction between structure and governance allows for classifying variables as either structure variables or governance variables. Both variables influence the performance of the cluster. Furthermore, the structure and the governance of a cluster are interdependent. The structure influences the governance and vice versa. The basic framework is given in Figure 7. 13 The behavior of particular firms in the cluster is not taken into account, for two reasons. First, it is impossible to analyze the behavior of all firms in the cluster. Second, most firms in clusters are subsidiaries of parent companies outside the cluster. Thus, their behavior is only partially cluster specific.
34 Figure 7: Structure, governance and performance of clusters Cluster structure 4.2.2 Cluster structure External environment Cluster performance Cluster governance The Performance of Seaport Clusters The cluster structure influences the performance of the cluster. The effect of such ‘structural’ variables on cluster performance differs in different environments. From all four schools discussed in the preceding paragraph, one or more ‘stylized facts’ with regard to the influence of the structure of a cluster on the performance of the cluster are widely acknowledged. These are given in Table 3.
Page 1 and 2: PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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Page 6 and 7: Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
Page 8: Preface vii The frequent question w
Page 11 and 12: x Emperical part: three cases of se
Page 14 and 15: 1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Page 52 and 53: 5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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8 CLUSTERING IN SEAPORTS In this ch
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Chapter 8 - Clustering in Seaports
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112 9.3.3 The presence of intermedi
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118 Figure 15: Optimal investment q
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10 STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE IN SEA
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Chapter 10 - Structure and Performa
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11 GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN SE
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178 Table 74: Number of experts tha
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182 The evolution in market shares
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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