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11 GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN SEAPORT CLUSTERS; RESULTS OF THE CASE STUDIES In this chapter the results of the case studies with regard to the relation between cluster governance and cluster performance are discussed. As in the preceding chapter, the survey results are given in a series of tables, and two calculations to analyze the statistical significance are used: the significance of majority opinions and the significance of the differences of results between the cases. The second test only yields relevant results when it can be assumed that the experts in the three cases have the same reference point. For some questions on the ‘score’ of a port cluster this assumption is questionable. Thus, the comparison of the outcomes of these questions is done with some precaution. In the next four paragraphs the four variables (trust, intermediaries, leader firms and collective action regimes) are discussed. First, the relevance of the concept of cluster governance is demonstrated with the results of two propositions (see Table 47). Table 47: Survey results on the relevance of cluster governance Total LMPC Rotterdam Durban Proposition A D NO A D A D A D Differences in the governance of a cluster influence the performance of that cluster. The development of port clusters is the result of the interplay of market forces and (inter)national policies. The quality of local governance does not have a substantial affect on the performance of a cluster. A = agree, D = disagree, NO = no opinion ** Significant majority of experts from across the cases 104** 0 1 28* 0 43* 0 33* 0 10 95** 1 4 25* 3 40* 3 30* All experts in the three cases recognize the role of governance in a port cluster. All but one of the experts indicate that differences in governance influence cluster performance. As a
138 The Performance of Seaport Clusters ‘test’ to check the consistency of this result, the second proposition claims cluster governance does not have a substantial effect, instead market forces and (inter)national policies are proposed as drivers of the performance of a cluster. The vast majority of experts disagree with this proposition. This validates the importance of cluster governance for the performance of a cluster. 11.1 Trust The vast majority of experts acknowledge the influence of trust on performance (Table 48). Table 48: Survey results on trust Total LMPC Rotterdam Durban Proposition A D NO A D A D A D A culture of trust increases the quality of the governance of a cluster because it lowers transaction costs and enables co-operation. A = agree, D = disagree, NO = no opinion * Significant majority of experts from across the cases 104* 1 1 29* 0 41* 1 34* 0 The experts agree that the notion of ‘port specific trust’ is relevant. Most experts indicate there is such a thing as a ‘port community’ where reputation effects are important and trust can be created. The level of trust is regarded as the most important variable related to governance.
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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7 ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEAP
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Chapter 7 - Analyzing the Performan
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8 CLUSTERING IN SEAPORTS In this ch
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Chapter 8 - Clustering in Seaports
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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210 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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