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Chapter 4 – Variables of Cluster Performance 35 Table 3: Stylized facts on cluster structure and performance School Stylized facts with regard to cluster structure Diamond School Internal competition enhances cluster performance. New economic geography The presence of a ‘critical demand’ enhances cluster performance. Presence of agglomeration economies (presence of suppliers and a labor market and knowledge spillovers) enhances cluster performance. Presence of agglomeration diseconomies (congestion, land rents) hampers cluster performance. Population Ecology Heterogeneity of cluster population enhances performance. Industrial District School Spatial entry, start-up and exit barriers influence cluster performance. Small firms that cooperate in local production systems are competitive vis-à-vis large multinationals. We discuss these stylized facts more in detail in the next chapter, where the influence of the structure of a cluster on its performance is center stage. 4.2.3 Cluster governance Cluster governance can be studied with the use of institutional economic theories. When analyzing cluster governance, attention should be paid to learning (Montgomery, 1995), since learning is necessary to change existing routines and capabilities, and institutions (see Amin and Thrift, 1992). The term institution is rather broad and includes both formal and informal ‘rules of the game’. In change processes institutions play an important role, both on the firm level (see Beckert, 1999) and for aggregated levels such as clusters, networks and industries (see Scott, 1988). Table 4 shows the ‘stylized facts’ of the four schools with regard to the influence of cluster governance on performance. These stylized facts are explored in some more detail in chapter 6.
36 The Performance of Seaport Clusters Table 4: Stylized facts on the relation between cluster governance and performance School Stylized facts with regard to cluster governance Diamond School Clusters are ‘vibrant environments’, where benefits flow between actors in the cluster. The presence of a support infrastructure enhances cluster performance. New economic geography Knowledge spillovers are a force towards clustering. Population Ecology - Industrial District School The cooperation of clustered firms among themselves and with the local government adds to the performance of clusters. The presence of trust adds to the performance of clusters. The behavior of ‘leader firms’ adds to the performance of clusters 14 . 4.2.4 The relation between structure and governance The governance of firms in a cluster influences the structure of the cluster and the governance is influenced by the structure of the cluster (for general literature on the relation between structure and agency, see Beckert, 1999), this distinction has not been applied to clusters). Lambooy and Boschma (2001) argue that: It is not only the given structure that influences actors, the actors (especially the innovators) also change the structure (Lambooy and Boschma, 2001, p. 114). The structure also influences governance: in a different population of firms, different forms of governance develop. Central in this respect is the presence or absence of potential ‘leader firms’ (Albino et al, 1999) that can play an active role in the governance of a cluster. The level of internal competition also influences the governance in the cluster. Table 5 shows the stylized facts on the relation between structure and governance. 14 Traditionally, the ID school focused on small and medium sized firms. However, the term ‘leader firm’ does not imply firms are large multinationals. The concept is used to describe firms that are especially important in clusters.
Page 1 and 2: PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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Page 6 and 7: Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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10 STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE IN SEA
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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