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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Analysis 13 concentration include a high ‘localization quotient’ (discussed later), and a substantial ‘export surplus’ to other regions (see Porter, 1990). 2.3.2 Economic activities included in the cluster A variety of tools can be used to identify economic activities included in the cluster (Bergman and Feser, 1999). The combination of different tools should allow for an increasingly precise delimitation of economic activities. The final result is a set of industry codes (for instance NAICS or SIC) that can be used to identify firms in the cluster. A practical tool to start with is an analysis of the presence of a cluster association (see Cooke and Morgan, 1998). The membership structure of a regional association of dissimilar and complementary firms gives a good first idea of the kinds of economic activities included in the cluster. Figure 2 shows a typical ‘association structure’ of a cluster. In this figure, firms in a cluster are members of a regional industry association 6 and these associations are members of the cluster association. Figure 2: A cluster association Cluster association (Regional) associations for specific industries Firms in the cluster A second tool to identify the economic activities in the cluster is input-output analysis. This analysis shows the importance of transactions between different economic activities. Economic activities that have relatively many transactions with other activities included in 6 Or a regional department of a national industry association.
14 The Performance of Seaport Clusters the cluster should be included as well. Input-output analysis is in some cases impossible, because data on a sufficiently detailed geographical and functional level are lacking. A third tool is a qualitative analysis of the structure of a value chain, for instance based on a number of expert interviews. Many clusters consist of various economic activities that belong to one value chain (Roelandt and Den Hartog, 1999). Insights in the structure of value chains can be used to identify economic activities that are ‘clearly’ part of the cluster. A qualitative analysis can reveal the strategic relevance of business transactions. Simple ‘arm’s length transactions’ are a less compelling reason to include economic activities in a cluster than strategic relations. For example, firms that supply specific machinery to shipyards are a part of a shipbuilding cluster, while firms that supply ‘general administrative services’ are not (see Van Klink and De Langen 2001). A qualitative ‘value chain analysis’ based on an analysis of interactions, partnerships, ownership structures and joint R&D efforts, is a good tool for analyzing linkages when input-output data are lacking. A fourth tool is an analysis of ‘location quotients’ of economic activities in a certain region. These quotients show to what extent a region is specialized in these activities. Assuming that the cluster as a whole is relatively important in the region, the higher the location quotient, the more likely it is that this industry is a part of the cluster. A final tool to identify economic activities included in a cluster is through a survey in which the strength of linkages between various economic activities is addressed 7 . Unlike firms, non-business organizations are not grouped together in industry classifications. Thus, these organizations have to be identified individually, based on expert interviews or desk research. Given the limited number of associations, public-private and public organizations active in a cluster, this is feasible. Associations are included in the cluster population if the ‘members’ for which their services are provided are predominantly included in the cluster population, and public (-private) organizations are included if they are strongly linked to the firms in the cluster. University departments, knowledge institutes, and schools are frequently included in the cluster population, just as are marketing bodies, innovation centers and planning boards (see Cooke 1998). 7 In general, a survey covers only a sample of all firms in an industry. Only when all potential firms of a cluster population are surveyed, can a survey be used to define the cluster population directly. This precise ‘bottom-up approach’ to identify clusters is hardly possible in practice.
Page 1 and 2: PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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Page 6 and 7: Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Page 14 and 15: 1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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7 ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEAP
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8 CLUSTERING IN SEAPORTS In this ch
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10 STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE IN SEA
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11 GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN SE
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182 The evolution in market shares
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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