The Performance of Seaport Clusters - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...

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English Summary 253 The empirical part The empirical part consists of three case studies of the port clusters in Rotterdam, Durban and the Lower Mississippi. These cases have been selected because they are the largest port on their continent, they have a large gateway function and they are important clusters in the region. The empirical results are based on desk research, interviews and a survey. In each port cluster, a list of port experts was made, and these experts were asked to participate, by making time for an interview and answering a set of survey questions. These survey questions were answered during the interview, so that questions and answers could be explained. 43 experts participated in Rotterdam, 34 in Durban and 31 in the LMPC. This is over 80% of all selected port experts, so the results from the survey and interviews are reliable. The survey questions address the validity of the variables, the importance of the variables, and the ‘score’ of each port cluster compared to a competing port cluster, for each variable. Rotterdam is compared with Antwerp and Hamburg; Durban with Richard’s Bay and the LMPC with Houston. For all survey results, tests of the statistical significance have been made. The cluster concept has hardly been applied to seaports. Relevant studies are those of Haezendock (2001) on the strengths and weaknesses of Antwerp’s port cluster, Van Klink (1995) on the development of port networks, and Slack (1989), among others on the location behavior of the port service industries. The empirical research in this thesis contributes to port studies in a number of ways: explicit attention is given to the issue of delimiting port clusters, the application of new insights from cluster theories to ports, attention to the issue of governance in seaports, a comparison between different port clusters, and an analysis of implications of using the cluster perspective for policy and management in seaports. The arrival of ships and cargo is central to port clusters. The arrival of goods and ships attracts different economic activities that can be classified in five components. The first component is cargo handling, comprising of all activities necessary to load and unload ships, such as terminal operators, pilots, towage and mooring. The second component is transport and includes all firms that facilitate the movement of goods, such as shipping lines, shipbrokers and trucking firms. The third component is logistics and includes all activities that add value to the transported products, such as storage, re-packing and blending. The fourth component consists of a specific set of manufacturing activities. The most important
254 The Performance of Seaport Clusters manufacturing activities are oil refining, chemicals production and steel plants. The fifth component consists of specific trading companies. Trade activities related to commodities that are frequently stored in ports (such as oil and grain) are included in the port cluster. The size of the three port clusters is analyzed. The available firm data in Rotterdam lead to a small overestimation of the number of firms, since legal or fiscal ventures are included. Rotterdam’s port clusters consists of about 3,560 firms, 36% of which is active in transport and 45% in logistics. The number of manufacturing firms is limited (about 90) but they generate a substantial part of all value added in the cluster. The relevant cluster region consists of 16 municipalities, of which Rotterdam and Dordrecht are the most important ones. In Durban, firm data are lacking, so the cluster population is identified on the basis of expert opinions and the Yellow Pages directory. This leads to a small underestimation of the size of the cluster. Durban’s port cluster consists of about 680 firms, to a large extent transport firms (48%). The relevant region consists of 6 municipalities, of which Durban is by far the most important. The Lower Mississippi Port Cluster (LMPC) can be defined very precise. The cluster consists of 1,168 firms. Transport is dominant and trade relatively well represented (16%). The cluster region consists of 12 municipalities. In the three cases, the validity of the variables is confirmed. The specific conclusions for the various variables are given below. Agglomeration economies • The presence of customers and suppliers is a clear force towards concentration in all three ports. Furthermore, it is regarded as the most important agglomeration force. • The presence of knowledge is also regarded as a force towards clustering in seaports. • The presence of labor was regarded as an agglomeration force in Rotterdam and the LMPC, but not in Durban, because of high unemployment and limited training efforts in this port. About half of the respondents in Rotterdam indicate that the high wage level is a dispersion force. • Congestion in seaports is not regarded as a dispersion force. The same is true for high land prices.
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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7 ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEAP
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Chapter 7 - Analyzing the Performan
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8 CLUSTERING IN SEAPORTS In this ch
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Chapter 8 - Clustering in Seaports
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106 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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112 9.3.3 The presence of intermedi
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118 Figure 15: Optimal investment q
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10 STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE IN SEA
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Chapter 10 - Structure and Performa
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11 GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE IN SE
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Chapter 11 - Governance and Perform
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178 Table 74: Number of experts tha
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182 The evolution in market shares
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Page 253 and 254: 240 The weight of the variables of
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Page 284: Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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