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Chapter 11 – Governance and Performance in Seaport Clusters; Results of the Cases 141 The importance attributed to various intermediaries differs strongly between experts. Various experts associate intermediaries with ‘traditional’ middleman whose importance is slowly reduced. The differences of responses of experts with a long experience in the port industry, versus experts with a short experience are given in Table 52. This shows that opinions about the importance of intermediaries change. Table 52: The intermediary ranking of two ‘experience cohorts’ Intermediary Average ranking by experts with a ‘short’ experience Average ranking by experts with a ‘long’ experience Agent 3.2 2.7 Forwarder 2.1 2.5 Shipbroker 4.2 4.0 Trader 3.7 4.6 Associations 3.9 3.4 Non asset owning LSP 3.5 3.7 Scale of 1 (most important) to 6 (least important) These differences, even though not statistically significant, reveal something also observed in the open interviews; relative newcomers attribute less importance to the presence of ship related intermediaries (ship agents and shipbrokers) and more importance to cargo related intermediaries (forwarders, traders and non asset owning LSP’s). This can be explained as shipping becomes more and more ‘commodified’: the product becomes more homogeneous, and is purchased more and more electronically. As a consequence, the importance of ship related intermediaries declines vis-à-vis cargo related intermediaries. The survey results provide ‘circumstantial evidence’ that in Rotterdam shipping is more ‘commodified’ than in the two other ports: experts rank ship related intermediaries as relatively unimportant. The experts acknowledge the role of intermediaries as important sources of knowledge. ‘Dedicated’ knowledge intermediaries have not emerged in seaports; especially forwarders are mentioned as intermediaries that possess and distribute knowledge.
142 11.3 Leader firms The Performance of Seaport Clusters Table 53 shows the survey results on the presence of leader firms in the cluster. Table 53: Survey results on leader firms Total LMPC Rotterdam Durban Proposition A D NO A D A D A D The presence of ‘leader firms’ increases the quality of the governance of a cluster. A = agree, D = disagree, NO = no opinion * Significant majority of experts from across the cases 102* 1 3 29* 0 40* 1 33* 0 The positive influence of leader firms in the port cluster is widely acknowledged. In the interviews leader firms were identified. In Table 54 leader firms and their effects, according to various experts, are discussed.
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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7 ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEAP
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Chapter 7 - Analyzing the Performan
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8 CLUSTERING IN SEAPORTS In this ch
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Chapter 8 - Clustering in Seaports
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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210 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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