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Chapter 10 – Structure and Performance in Seaport Clusters; Results of the Cases 131 • The most relevant entry barrier is the inaccessibility of knowledge and networks. In all three port clusters, networks are relatively closed and knowledge is relatively inaccessible. In the conversations this was explained with reference to a specific local ‘port community’. This port community is internationally oriented but inaccessible for entrants with no prior expertise in the port cluster. Especially in the LMPC, the vast majority of respondents regard the cluster community as closed for outsiders. • A significant majority agrees that exit barriers have a negative effect on the cluster (in the long run). According to the experts, exit barriers reduce dynamism. This argument is regarded as more important than the ‘static’ argument that ‘firms committed to the cluster (because of high exit barriers) are more likely to invest in the quality of the cluster’. • Specific investments are regarded as a relevant exit barrier. Experts indicate this can also be regarded as an entry barrier. This underlines the theory that exit barriers are by definition entry barriers as well and provides an argument for port authorities to make specific investments - provided that firms are willing to lease these investments - in order to reduce entry barriers. This is an important result, because it implies that arrangements that lower the need for firms to invest in specific assets contribute to the performance of a port cluster. Possibilities for such arrangements are discussed later. • With regard to local capital, the difference between Rotterdam on the one hand and Durban and the LMPC on the other is striking. Contrary to Rotterdam, in the latter two clusters, the absence of ‘local capital’ is regarded as a relevant start-up barrier. This might be explained by the fact that banks in Rotterdam (branches of multinational banks) as well as a venture capitalist partially owned by the port authority (together with partners from the banking industry) actively seek customers in the port cluster. Such organizations are lacking in the other two ports.
132 10.4 Cluster heterogeneity The Performance of Port Clusters Five propositions deal with the effects of heterogeneity on performance (see Table 42). Table 42: Survey results on heterogeneity Total LMPC Rotterdam Durban Proposition A D NO A D A D A D Opportunities for co-operation in a cluster are higher the larger the diversity of the cluster population. Opportunities for innovation in a cluster are higher the larger the diversity of the cluster population. Diversity of the cluster population reduces the vulnerability of a cluster for changes in the environment. Diversity of the resource base of a cluster reduces the vulnerability of a cluster for changes in the environment. Co-operation between firms in the port cluster is of a minor importance for the performance of this cluster compared to co-operation with firms outside the cluster. A = agree, D = disagree, NO = no opinion * Significant majority of experts ** Significantly different from other cases 84* 14 4 22* 1 35* 6 27* 7 88* 6 8 24* 0 33* 5 31* 1 86* 8 8 17* 4 39* 1 30* 2 90* 9 3 20* 4 41* 0 29* 5 27 68* 7 7 19* 14 24 6 25* The cluster experts agree that diversity strengthens the competitiveness of a port cluster. Diversity stimulates co-operation and innovation and reduces vulnerability for external shocks. According to the vast majority of experts, the diversity of the cluster population and resource base reduce the vulnerability of a cluster. The experts indicate that co-operation within the cluster is relatively important. This result is important since it provides evidence to reject the argument that local cooperation is not relevant, given the international nature of port related activities. Thus, a diverse local set of firms and resources is important for the performance of a cluster.
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PETER W. DE LANGEN The Performance
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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Preface v PREFACE My first publicat
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Preface vii The frequent question w
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x Emperical part: three cases of se
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1 INTRODUCTION Economists have alwa
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 1.2 Over
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Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 Second,
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2 CLUSTERS AS UNIT OF ANALYSIS In t
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Chapter 2 - Clusters as Unit of Ana
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20 The Performance of Seaport Clust
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22 Table 1: Four ways in which clus
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4 VARIABLES OF CLUSTER PERFORMANCE
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Chapter 4 - Variables of Cluster Pe
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5 CLUSTER STRUCTURE In this chapter
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 41 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 43 ef
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 45 Th
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 47 fi
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 49 va
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Chapter 5 - Cluster Structure 51 Ta
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54 6.1 Coordination in a cluster Th
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7 ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF SEAP
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Chapter 7 - Analyzing the Performan
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182 The evolution in market shares
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184 The Performance of Seaport Clus
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188 Table 85: Concentration pattern
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13 CONCLUSIONS FOR ANALYZING CLUSTE
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Chapter 13 - Conclusions for Analyz
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14 CONCLUSIONS ON SEAPORT CLUSTERS
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Chapter 14 - Conclusions on Seaport
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214 • Waste processing and recycl
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232 Industry experts The Performanc
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234 Agglomeration economies 10. Ind
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236 Cluster barriers Entry barriers
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238 Solving collective action probl
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240 The weight of the variables of
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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Appendix 2: Cluster Experts in the
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English Summary 249 The Performance
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English Summary 251 The third schoo
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English Summary 253 The empirical p
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English Summary 255 Internal compet
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English Summary 257 • The innovat
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262 Tabel S1: Het effect van de vie
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Curriculum Vitae 271 Curriculum vit
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The Performance of Seaport Clusters
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