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I acquired a suitable 'kit' for unobtrusively recording good quality conversational data in sociable settings (see table 4.1). Table 4.1 Recording Equipment Sony BM21 (without auto reverse) with steel body and condenser mike5 Realistic PZIVI (omni-directional boundary mike)6 Realistic Button Mike 7 DuraceHAA batteries (not rechargeable)8 Maxelll TDKC90 tapes (ferric) e Sanyo TRC 8080 Memo-scriber * Manufacturer in italics Although there were some minor technical difficulties encountered during the data collection phase, this equipment provided as inconspicuous a way as possible to gather conversational data and yielded largely high quality recordings suitable for accurate transcription. The primary objective was to collect a large corpus of naturally occurring talk in both countries. After consultation with my supervisor, and in line with similar studies (e. g. Straehle 1997), the following target was set: e 40-50 hours total data in each country o Between 12-15 different gatherings * Each gathedng involving at least 3 people JOA
The decision on quantity of data was primarily to provide a corpus of conversation which would be both substantial yet manageable. Details of the total hours of data recorded are provided in table 4.2 Table 4.2 Total Conversational Data Recorded English Gatherings German Gatherings Total Length of Recordings 28 hrs 48 hrs I should make some reference here to the apparent incongruity between the volume of data recorded in English as compared to German settings. Although total lengths of recordings in the German data is 20 hours more than the English recordings, this did not result in a similar disparity in the amount of conversation actually recorded. The difference in recording times was largely due to the fact that, in the German gatherings, the recorder was essentially 'left on' throughout the entire gathering, whereas in English gatherings, the recorder was often turned off when conversation was replaced by some other in situ activity. Thus, in the German corpus this subsequently led to extended periods being recorded where no useable talk was recorded - for example when participants were eating, or if and when they left the table and moved for instance around the garden. That aside, the quantitative aspects of this study are secondary to the qualitative ones, and I would therefore see no real issue in the question of how long the recorder was actually turned on, only how much useable data the recordings actually yielded. Near the start of each gathering, the tape recorder was turned on. This was then kept running for as long as practically possible. As a result, shorter gatherings were recorded almost in their entirety, whilst the longer gatherings yielded continuous conversational data of several hours in length. The majority of the recordings omitted the very beginning and ending of most of the gatherings. For these 'greeting' phases of the gatherings (see 5.1), participant observation was the main method of data collection. This type of 'blanket recording' proved useful on two main counts. First, it provided me with 1 or,
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Page 65 and 66: Finally, although Watts argued that
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Page 69 and 70: contributions, with the former set
Page 71 and 72: fully and substantively, what was r
Page 73 and 74: oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
Page 75 and 76: 2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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Page 79 and 80: Finally, additional explanatory dim
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Page 83 and 84: Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
Page 85 and 86: Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
Page 87 and 88: This chapter then can be regarded a
Page 89 and 90: asic irreducible sociological varia
Page 91 and 92: Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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Page 97 and 98: In fact, these two opposing orienta
Page 99 and 100: at any given point in the flow of c
Page 101 and 102: orderly and meaningful conversation
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Page 105 and 106: Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
Page 107 and 108: toward a clearer understanding of w
Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
Page 111 and 112: 4.1 Research Questions In the previ
Page 113: eferring to as sociable includes in
Page 117 and 118: largely anecdotal evidence from whi
Page 119 and 120: such as laughter sequences. I also
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
Page 123 and 124: The obtrusiveness of my recording w
Page 125 and 126: hand, I did not want to engage in t
Page 127 and 128: German. However, these episodes asi
Page 129 and 130: presented here provides a necessary
Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
Page 135 and 136: eing invariably solidaric in nature
Page 137 and 138: claimed on the part of the particip
Page 139 and 140: Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
Page 141 and 142: in my observations of German sociab
Page 143 and 144: collective past peppered with indiv
Page 145 and 146: In the next chapter I want to explo
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
Page 149 and 150: shall not be carried forward into t
Page 151 and 152: These various symbols are intended
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Page 155 and 156: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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Page 163 and 164: detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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