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negatively align in their joint discussion of a more objective topic. Negative alignment is achieved through the proffering of individuated perspectives on the discussion. Again, this is characteristic of alignment practices in German sociable conversation. Both these short examples of alignment in sociable episodes reflect the prevailing conversation styles identified in Chapter 5. What is evidenced by identifying the shifts in alignment made as part and parcel of their playing out, is that such practices, both negative and positive, allow for the achievement and sustaining of sociable conversation in each milieu. At a conversational level though - i. e. at the level of conversational claims - alignment is realised differently in what manifests itself as English and German sociable style. Having initially indicated how both positive and negative alignments can be sustained interactionally, I now want to consider in more detail both positive and negative conversational claims respectively. 6.3 Positive and Negative Claims: Their Ratification and Support As I mentioned earlier (see Chapter 3), claims in talk require recognition, ratification, and support to be successfully made. This requirement applies equally to both positive and negative claims; in order to be successful, both solidaric and individuated claims needs to be recognised as such by co-present participants, and ratified through appropriate conversational alignment. I will talk more later about conversational alignment (see Chapter 8) but first I want to illustrate briefly moments were both positive and negative claims can be seen to have been ratified (Cf. 6.4). 14A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 6.3.1 Positive Claims and their Ratification and Support The following example taken from gathering El (see Appendix B) nicely illustrates solidaric claims and supportive action that is exemplary of English sociable style. Excerpt 6.3 'More Often' Three married couples are sifting down to eat a meal hosted by JW&Zw. Conversation has been in full flow for around an hour before the food is served. In the immediately preceding talk, all participants have attested to the lastiness' of the food prepared by ZW. EP: We'll have to do a Radefte sometime ((clears throat)) RP: Yeah JW: Hm:: (2) RP: Yeah that's [right JW: [REALLY ENJOYed that Raclette= ZW: =It was_go:: rgeous last time RP: Did you like [it yeah ZW: [Awe::: yeah (0.2) RP: We'll definitely do it again then somet[ime JW: [Yeah[:: ZW: [IT WAS A rea: lly good [night JW: [Yeah RP: Yeah (. ) I mean (0.5) ZW: It was a really good night as well [we all had a lau[gh JW: [Yeah RP: [Yeah (0.5) RP: That'd be good erm= JW. =(Eatin'somethin) EP: And we've got that big table now so we can be (. ) you know-- RP: =Yeah EP: Comfortable the: re= RP: =Yeah (1.5) Yeah=that'd be good (. ) yeah (0.5) we'll do that (. ) in the ZW: Hm= RP: =Er: [m very near future 0 zw-. [That'd be nice that=especially comin' up to Christmas: RP: Yeah=yeah (0.5) JL: What is a Raclette ((10 secs - RIP explains to JL what a 'Raclette'is)) ZW: >We'll have to do his more often you know coz I know we've not< -seen you for (h)age(h)s:: = 14Q
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
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Page 197 and 198: and English differences in conversa
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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