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6.2 Co-operative Positive and Negative Alignments To begin with I will start with two excerpts which clearly illustrate both negative and positive alignments in their respective settings. Furthermore, each of these excerpts can be regarded as fairly exemplary of sociable conversation in each respective milieu (see Chapters 2 and 5). In terms of the organisation of the data here and under subsequent headings, I shall present and consider English and German conversational data separately. The aim however is not to have a series of parallel analytical sections or chapters but rather to aid the pursuit of a comparative stance. For this reason, even though the data will be treated under separate sub-headings, much of the discussion will include frequent cross-referencing of observations and findings from each data set. In terms of the specific research questions set out in chapter four, my intent here is to identify, compare, and contrast the conversational manifestation of the alignment contingencies set out in fig 6.1. Although, as I noted in chapter three, my main analytical focus and comparative discussion shall focus on the concept of self in talk (see Chapters 7 and 8), the work here should also aid in understanding the nature of alignment practices in each culture at the level of conversational claims. Let us begin then by turning first to positive and negative alignments as evidenced in English sociable conversation. In the following extract TM&LM, and KJ&LJ (parental couples respectively) are chatting over dinner about a common topic - that of having children and the need sometimes to get away from them. This short excerpt demonstrates both positive and negative alignments as solidaric and individuated claims are made in the process of developing 'Time away from the Kids'. 149
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Excerpt 6.1 7ime away from the Kids' KJ&LJ, and TM&LM are the only participants present at the table following a meal hosted by RP&EP. It has already been established in the immediately preceding talk that both couples have children of similar ages. LJ: I MEAN a family holiday's great in't it but I think you need to do somethin' on yer [own as [well don't you=once at least TM: [yeah LM: [yeah U: once a [year try to go away and that KJ: PUS KEEPS th4he fire goin' you know what I mean (. )[you just LM: [yeah want a [little bit of= LJ: [yeah LJ: =yeah (0.5) KJ: Goin'some[where ni: ce LJ: [COS YOU DON't >really spend time on your own< do you=you think 0 LM: NO YOU DON't it's on a different U: Yeah= LM: =Different= KJ: =IT'S WO:: rk kids- LJ: =You're not (. ) each [other KJ: [Sleep Eat Work [Kids LJ: [You're mum you're dad LM: Yeah yeah (. ) you forget what its [all about really KJ: [Because (. )I mean (0.5) you can tell=you can tell I- er- I mean when you've been going like that for a few weeks or a few months and you can see you're [gettin LM: [Hm (0.5) LJ: Ratty= KJ: =after 0 LM: yeah= KJ: =you're tired all the time then you think right (0.5) forget it we're gonna< 0 Xhis weekend U: You're gonna be a [couple KJ: [Bugger off to somewhere= LM: =Yeah= LJ: =Y[eah KJ: LM: [We're just gonna bugger off somewhere [whether its [a country pub (in [Yeah U: [I MEAN there's KJ: the lakes) [or wherever-- LJ: [Like there's LJ: KJ: =There's somewhere in Castleton we want to go just for a ni:: ght= =>I MEAN ITS ONLY UP the road< [and its: = LM: [yeah LJ: =You now it's only up the road and we can [do it cos it's:: LM: [Hm (0.5) KJ: It's lovel[y LJ: [It's like a dead dead nice pub and [ (all th[at) LM: [yeah KJ: Castleton=it er: it's [BIG=big country pub in 14*1
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
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Page 149 and 150: shall not be carried forward into t
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Page 155 and 156: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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Page 163 and 164: detrimental effects foreigners are
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Page 169 and 170: 28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
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Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
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Page 197 and 198: and English differences in conversa
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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