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support of proffered positive clams is evidenced in LM's successive well's' immediately following KM's contradiction which temporarily destabilises her as a fully functioning conversational participant (something which might well be conceived of as a temporary state of 'alignment shock'). As I argued above however, the consequences for the sociable equilibrium of this non-ratification of positive alignment are not detrimental in that sociability continues past his point in the gathering, and includes subsequent periods of both positive and negative alignment with the sociable ethos remaining - conversationally at least - intact. What'Other Cultures' clearly demonstrates is that non-ratification of proffered claims can be achieved as part and parcel of the routine playing out of sociable conversation. In German sociable conversation, as one would expect, non-ratification of solidaric claims also occurs. Strangely - and this can be perhaps attributed to preferred conversational style in general -n on-ratifi cation of proffered solidaric claims appears a more routinised affair. As a result German conversational ists seem better equipped (at least conversationally) to deal with it. Due to the predominance of objective discussion as part and parcel of German conversational style, non-ratification of a solidaric self usually involves a rejection of a proposition made by any given participant and often leads onto what is manifest conversationally as disagreement. Sequentially speaking - and this is essential to understanding why German sociable conversation 'pans out' the way it does compared to its English counterpart - converse to English sociable conversation, rather than collectively and collaboratively pursuing solidarity, non-ratification of positive claims usually marks the beginning of extended disagreement episodes and a period of extended or enhanced negative alignment. A nice example of German non-ratification and non-support of a positive claim occurs in the following episode. Excerpt 6.8 'beim Einkaufen' The immediately preceding talk has been about similar experiences of having to queue in mutually known supermarkets HB: Bei Aldi habe ich mich oft drüber geärgert ich >sage mir was soll das< 1 A4
2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zehn Meter lang ist (0.5) denn=denn kommt 3 keine zweite Person an die Kasse=und wenn wieder auf fünf=drei=vier- 4 fünf Meter abgebaut ist (. ) dann geht die ex (. ) zweite schon wieder weg= EP: hm:: = 6 HB: =Ja 8 KN: Ja >aber wenn [die DA WAS SOLL DEnn die machen< wenn die nur mit 9 HB: [Ich sach die RAUBT einem doch nur drei [Personen da stehen HB: [DIE RAUbt einem doch nur die Zeit (. ) das ist [doch 12 KN: [JA::: = 13 HB: =Das fördert doch nicht den ihren Umsatz und [und 14 KN: [Ja:: 15 16 HB: E. -r-denn ich sage ja nicht=>na gut wenn ich mehr Zeit habe< dann 17 kaufe ich mehr das ist doch Quatsch:: ne (. ) >nur daß die Leute mehr 18 stehen und verä[rgert sindAber die haben zu wenig Leute< Excerpt 6.8 Translation 'at the shops' 1 HB: At Aldi I was often annoyed and >1 think to myself what's all that about< 2 before () the queue isn't ten meters Iona (0.5) then=then no second 3 person is called to open another till=and when the queue has been 4 reduced to five--three=four meters () then the ex (. ) second person is 5 already going away you= 6 EP: =hm:: = HB: =Ja 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 KN: HB: HB: KN: HB: KN: Yeah >but when [they WHAT ARE THEY SUPPOSED to do then< when [I think it only STEALS your they're only there with three [people. [IT ONLY STEALS your time () That's [only [YEAH::: = =That's not going to increase their turnover and [and [Yeah:: 17 18 19 20 HB: GB: Ex--and because I don't say=>fair enough if I have more time< I'm going to buy more that's nonsense:: isn't it () only thatTh - e people have to stand there longer and get annjoyed= [yeah 21 KN: =>But they have too few people< In this particular episode, the participants are focusing on the common problem of having to queue in supermarkets whilst buying their groceries. The talk has proceeded along a highly solidaric (i. e. positively aligned) path, as all participants have attested to the problem of long queues in German shops and supermarkets. However, rather suddenly in the talk, KN at line 9, effectively 1 r, r,
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
Page 123 and 124: The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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Page 127 and 128: German. However, these episodes asi
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Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
Page 135 and 136: eing invariably solidaric in nature
Page 137 and 138: claimed on the part of the particip
Page 139 and 140: Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
Page 141 and 142: in my observations of German sociab
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Page 145 and 146: In the next chapter I want to explo
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
Page 149 and 150: shall not be carried forward into t
Page 151 and 152: These various symbols are intended
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Page 155 and 156: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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Page 163 and 164: detrimental effects foreigners are
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Page 169 and 170: 28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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Page 173: 37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
Page 185 and 186: To reiterate, positive threshold br
Page 187 and 188: 41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
Page 191 and 192: 17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
Page 193 and 194: 1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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Page 197 and 198: and English differences in conversa
Page 199 and 200: Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
Page 201 and 202: study is a sociological one, and it
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Page 205 and 206: English cultures respectively. In a
Page 207 and 208: I will shortly illustrate how each
Page 209 and 210: 18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
Page 211 and 212: The in-the-know self is a second sy
Page 213 and 214: documentaries to having witnessed r
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Page 217 and 218: Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
Page 219 and 220: RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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