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104 KP: I mean you see two or three you think look at them they look hard them 105 three over there (0.5) wouldn't mess with them= 106 RP: =Yeah= 107 KP: =The enti:: re pub, there wasn't one normal person in there= 108 EP: =Bloody [Hell 109 KP: 11 mean I use the word normal to mean me[self 110 RP: [Fuckin'hell:: = ill KP: =there wasn't one normal pe:: rson In replaying this one-off event, KPUP take a conversational stance which is endemic to English sociable chat, namely, replaying some event in and through entertaining narrative. The account is peppered with exaggeration, moments of dramatic tension, and comic relief to create a world that did indeed constitute some unique reality (see Goffman 1974). What this excerpt evidences is one of the primary ways in which English participants proffer negative conversational claims. That is, in the dramatic replaying of direct and individuated experience in this way, KP&LP adopt a footing which posits them not only as participants privy to some unique experience, but also - at that moment in the episode - as participants adopting a unique conversational footing, i. e., that of narrating. In order to ratify this alignment, RP&EP reciprocate in and through their own set of conversational claims. Conversationally this is manifest in their laughter, expressions of aghast and back channels, which ratify and support the alignments taken by KP&LP. In this particular strip of conversational activity then, negative claims are proffered, ratified, and supported in and through appropriate conversational alignment taken up by both sets of participants (see Chapter 9 for a further discussion of the notion of 'appropriateness' of alignment). It is interesting to note that uniqueness claims based on propositions around a central topic of discussion seem not so useful in English sociable conversation. Commonly, even the most contradictory statement leads to a rapid searching for resolution of potential conflict and mitigation of positions. Contradictory statements are usually agreed with (to varying degrees) rather than actively countered. If for example disagreements with assessments occur, they are usually highly mitigated (thereby decreasing the distance between speaker and recipient) or solidarity is quickly sought. Conversely, taking a 1 '; r,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 standpoint which is somehow differentiated from those proffered by others co- present seems to be a prime way for German participants in sociable episodes to make and have supported negative conversational claims. When similar minded Germans come together (or more accurately when similar 'conversational selves' are mobilised - see Chapters 7 and 8), the result is what has been termed 'Wettkampf (Kotthoff 1991). At such moments, Germans interactants 'agree to disagree' as it were. Conflictual standpoints of 'real' argumentation are 'keyed' (Goffman 1974) in the playing out of a sociable pursuit. Such Wettkampf encounters were not as endemic in my own German conversations as the literature suggested, but they did provide a primary and salient routinised way in which negative alignment was normatively conducted in the same way that narrative functions in English. The following example of focused topic talk - about something as innocuous as the length of queues in Aldi - demonstrates nicely this use of conversational topic as a resource for individuated claims and negative alignment Excerpt 6.6 'Schlange bei Aldi' The immediately preceding talk has been about similar experiences of having to queue in mutually known supermarkets HB: Bei Ald! habe ich mich oft drüber geärgert ich >sage mir was soll das< EP: =hm:: = HB: =Ja bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zehn Meter lang ist (0.5) denn=denn kommt keine zweite Person an die Kasse=und wenn wieder auf fünf=drei=vier-- fünf Meter abgebaut ist (. ) dann geht die ex (. ) zweite schon wieder weg= KN: Ja >aber wenn [die DA WAS SOLL DEnn die machen< wenn die nur mit HB: [Ich sach die RAUBT einem doch nur drei [Personen da stehen HB: [DIE RAUbt einem doch nur die Zeit (. ) das ist [doch KN: [JA::: = HB: =Das fördert doch nicht den ihren Umsatz und [und KN: [Ja:: HB: E: r-denn ich sage ja nicht=>na gut wenn ich mehr Zeit habe< dann kaufe ich mehr das ist doch Quatsch:: ne (. ) >nur daß die Leute mehr stehen und verä[rgert sindAber die haben zu wenig Leute< [das ist HB: [Und irgendwann sind sie=ja ja: ist mir kla: rja:: [: GB: [Ganz knapp [kalkuliert= 1 r%7
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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Page 155 and 156: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
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Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
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Page 197 and 198: and English differences in conversa
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Page 205 and 206: English cultures respectively. In a
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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