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Consolidating this array of findings, House (1996; 1998a, b; in press), has identified five dimensions, along which German and English speakers 'habitually display different preferences in terms of communicative choice' (House 1996x, 345) (see table 2.1). Table 2.1. Parameters of German - English Communicative Differences Directness Orientation towards Self Indirectness Orientation towards Other Orientation Orientation towards Content Towards Addressees Explicitness Implicitness Ad-Hoc Formulation Verbal Routines Source: House (in press) Findings from the analysis of a range of discourse phenomena and textual materials provides not only evidence for differences in the realisation of specific speech acts, but clearly points to more fundamental differences in social norms informing how discourse, fellow interlocutors, and one's self as speaker are normatively oriented to in verbal interaction in the two speech communities. I shall discuss these issues further below. Although approaching discourse from a different disciplinary and analytical standpoint, Watts (1989) corroborated much of what has been observed by House and colleagues. Based on a comparative analysis of two conversations between English and Swiss-German family members in their respective cultural settings, Watts identified salient differences which further suggested fundamental social norms guiding speakers' orientations to verbal intercourse and conventional understandings of facework practices. 59
Watts observed that German conversation was primarily geared towards the setting up of positions and the consequent need to disagree with and disavow co-participants' positions. Floor occupation (the conversational slot one takes when one is speaking) to proffer such positions was considered by German participants to be one of the major raison detre for verbal interaction (ibid. 160-161). Conversely, English conversation was more geared towards the negotiation of the topic and the support of every participant's rights to the floor. The proffering and countering of personal positions characteristic of German conversation appeared much reduced in English familial conversational (ibid. 161). Although concentrating on naturally occurring conversation rather than speech acts and pragmatic talk, Watts attempted to consolidate these observations by identifying five salient ways in which the two cultural styles differed. First, in German conversation, the rate of intervention at non transition relevant placeS5 was shown to be higher. That is, whereas English speakers tended to hold off their turns until a speaker had finished or was about to finish a turn at talk, whereby possible transition to another speaker became a conversational option, German speakers more frequently overlapped others' turns at talk. Importantly, this was not done simply to provide support for the current speaker, but often to proffer forcefully counter-propositional statements or challenge what was being said. In fact, Watts noted that the prevalence of such a strategy led German speaker's to expect to be interrupted and for that turn to contain a contradictory position. Second, in making conversational contributions, German speakers appeared primarily concerned with the setting up of individual personal positions or assessments as part and parcel of conversational activity. Third, as a consequence of this collective alignment to talk and each other as participants, Watts argued that German participants actually expected to be contradicted and have their standpoints countered in and through the normative playing out of conversational topic development. Fourth, in German conversation, personal standpoints were seen to be not things to be jointly negotiated, through for example the merging of individual positions (as in fact the English seemed to favour), but rather, regarded as personal stances to be accepted or countered by fellow interlocutors. Finally, in terms 5
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
Page 11 and 12: The 'Research Problem' Introduction
Page 13 and 14: Taking these problematics as a star
Page 15 and 16: At the time, this proposal seemed e
Page 17 and 18: the self and its relationship to on
Page 19 and 20: activity of sociable conversation,
Page 21 and 22: including the application of the fa
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
Page 25 and 26: 1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
Page 27 and 28: communicative action could be seen
Page 29 and 30: Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
Page 31 and 32: distribution of his feelings, and t
Page 33 and 34: empirically difficult' phenomenon (
Page 35 and 36: etween self and other). Conversatio
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Page 39 and 40: as an equilibric practice, allowing
Page 41 and 42: universality, particularly in studi
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
Page 45 and 46: Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
Page 47 and 48: Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
Page 49 and 50: Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
Page 51 and 52: 1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
Page 53 and 54: facework operates on an underlying
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
Page 57 and 58: impolite. However, I soon came to r
Page 59 and 60: in potential or actual conflict sit
Page 61: salient differences. For example, G
Page 65 and 66: Finally, although Watts argued that
Page 67 and 68: elatively little overlap, and a gen
Page 69 and 70: contributions, with the former set
Page 71 and 72: fully and substantively, what was r
Page 73 and 74: oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
Page 75 and 76: 2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
Page 77 and 78: service but by more confrontational
Page 79 and 80: Finally, additional explanatory dim
Page 81 and 82: specific communicative practices, a
Page 83 and 84: Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
Page 85 and 86: Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
Page 87 and 88: This chapter then can be regarded a
Page 89 and 90: asic irreducible sociological varia
Page 91 and 92: Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
Page 93 and 94: particularly amenable to such a heu
Page 95 and 96: identify certain underlying dynamic
Page 97 and 98: In fact, these two opposing orienta
Page 99 and 100: at any given point in the flow of c
Page 101 and 102: orderly and meaningful conversation
Page 103 and 104: locally managed and constantly in d
Page 105 and 106: Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
Page 107 and 108: toward a clearer understanding of w
Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
Page 111 and 112: 4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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