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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 KN: no [one would become [unemployed= GB: [yeah [that's it GB: =That's it= KN: =they could employ about five million () [people GB: [and give out the badges, you [know KN: [yeah KN: When [in all over Germany they hand out these motorway stickers GB: [Yeah stickers they say but this motorway fee, -i GB: =or the fee KN: Then (0.5) at every [paying booth it finances itself (1) everyone who's driving GB: R past Xhey earn what they get extra=and at the moment they are driving through without paying. < GB: Yeah: = KN: =I'd [rather pay thee fourhundred [marks per year GB: [That's the way things are [that's the way things are Perhaps more than any other routinely mobilised conversational entity in German sociable talk, the knowledgeable self clearly reflect the German positive social value associated with the possession of knowledge and ability to discuss seriously some given topic, issue' or course of action (see above). Interestingly, in terms of the amount of conversational resources normatively accorded any given speaker for the presentation of, for example meinung [opinion] talk', the English counterpart of such extended floor space being granted is when narrating selves are being mobilised. In both cases - German knowledgeable selves and English narrating selves - co-present recipients align in a way that conversationally favours the playing out of these obviously culturally valued selves. These then are salient and frequently mobilised conversational and sociable selves in each respective culture. In and through these mobilisations, speakers - and by virtue of their alignments, recipients - are able to take varying degrees of negative alignment. Now I want to address the second aspect of conversational alignment - positive alignment. 218
7.4 Positive Selves I suggested earlier that the self is, by definition, a primarily individuated entity, based around - albeit to varying degrees (see Chapter 1) - the person as cultural member and social actor. However, as was implied in my discussion in Chapter 6, there are moments in talk where the self becomes symbolically more of a collective thing, not being - conversationally speaking - distinct from but rather bound up with co-present other selves. In such moments, selves are mobilised as positive entities by symbolically taking on the experiences, viewpoints, and beliefs expressed by other selves. This can be conceived of as, in effect, a diminishing of the self as an individuated entity in favour of a collective one, as opposed to the amplification of the self as an individuated entity as discussed above (see Chapter 8 for more discussion of this). In considering my own data, I observed that the range of selves available for positive alignment was not as varied nor as salient as that available for negative alignment outlined above. Nevertheless, there were some obvious ways in which members of both sociable milieu normatively achieved positive alignment via the mobilisation of sociable selves. It is these that I shall now attempt to illustrate, beginning once again with the English. 7.4.1 The English As I noted above (7.3.1), English participants rarely turn symbolically on each other in sociable conversation. Instance of explicit criticism or confrontational talk between sociable participants - as occurs conversationally in German - are few and far between, and if these do occur, tend to be quickly mitigated or reframed as non-serious (see Chapter 6). However, this does not mean that the English are the amiable and benign conversational animals that it might suggest. Rather than turn on each other, there appears to be a preference in English sociable conversation - and this again is well evidenced in my data - to symbolically turn on and against non-present selves. Such mobilisation and alignment plays itself out conversationally as what is known in English as 'gossip'. This joint alignment of ate /she/ them' (essentially a 219 I
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
Page 185 and 186: To reiterate, positive threshold br
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Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
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Page 197 and 198: and English differences in conversa
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Page 205 and 206: English cultures respectively. In a
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Page 217 and 218: Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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Page 241 and 242: of these selves at conversational w
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Page 249 and 250: Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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