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32 TM: [WHAT DID WE GO as 33 34 DB: God knows (I was 35 LM: [I was a Punk Rocker. hhh This re-invocation of a shared past or specific event is characteristic of positive alignment in English sociable episodes. Of course, this type of alignment does rely on some common past and for that reason may well be specific to in-group sociability. As with salient selves routinely mobilised for negative alignment, so they have been demonstrated in the above analysis to be routinely mobilised for positive alignment. Their expressive nature has been shown to clearly reflect the overall English sociable style identified in previous chapters. Now I want to identify and provide evidence of their German positive counterparts, ones routinely mobilised for positive alignment, but expressively and performatively manifesting themselves somewhat differently. 7.4.2 The Germans Contrary to much of the literature addressing German conversational style, there appeared in my own gatherings to be obvious phases in German conversational episodes where participants expressively put differences aside and closed ranks under some common banner of solidarity. Similar to English sociable conversation, this commonly focused on some external and non- present topical resource which was collectively framed in some negatively evaluative way. However, the emphasis in such German positive alignment seemed not to be on the affective orientation participants could display towards some absent others or thing, but rather on the threat they or it qua alien pose to us qua native. This appeared to be fundamentally different from the English gossiping self which adopting not an angst-ridden but more a cynical stance. Frequently based around national identity (in the case of my specific data West German 2), the agonised self uses for its mobilisation some common 224
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 threat to all, indexing solidarity by subsuming the individual self under a collective notion (a 'we' mentality). A prime conversational focus and symbolic other for the mobilisation of agonised selves is 'Auslaenders' [foreigners] and the threat they pose (in terms of for example unemployment; crime; or urban decay). In mobilising such 'foreign selves' in the true sense of the word, German sociabilists in situ displayed a marked positive alignment vis-6-vis each other contrasted with a marked negative alignment vis-6-vis such foreign selves. The following episode provides a typical example of the mobilisation of German agonised selves. Excerpt 7.15'Ganz Schlimm' GB: Das sieht da auch ganz schlimm aus ([ HB: [ACH so da hinten das Einkaufs[zentr [um GB: [Ja=ja PB: [Ja=ja: (1) GB: Das ist der andere Stadtteil (0.5) PB: Klein=Chica:: go= GB: =Hm:: (3) PB: JA=und wenn man Westhagen sagt dann (0.5) vergleich man das immer (1) mit diesem (1) diesem Stadtteil ne (1.5) GB: Ja:: =und dieser Stadtteil der vere: lendet richtig da hinten= blich daß die das erst [machen ne= SH: =>Finde ich unmö GB: [Ja GB: =JA (1) GB: Die Geschäftsleute wandern ab [weil sich die Russen da immer mehr SH: [JA::: Breitmachen=die [haben da ihre [Geschäfte (1) ich [weiß nicht wieviele HB: [HM:: [Ja:: [Ja=a Geschäfte die da [schon übernommen [haben= HB: [Weißt du [ein HB: =Ein Russen[Iaden GB: [Und wir gehen da gar nicht mehr hin weil das ist für mich fremd da hinten=also die sprechen alle möglichen Sprachen=nur nicht Deutsch (0.5) ne=>Was soll ich da< Excerpt 7.15 Translation 'Really Bad' I GB: It is really bad there ([ 2 HB: [OH up there the shop[ping cen[tre 3 GIB: [yeah yeah 4 PB: [yeah yeah: 225
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
Page 185 and 186: To reiterate, positive threshold br
Page 187 and 188: 41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
Page 191 and 192: 17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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Page 197 and 198: and English differences in conversa
Page 199 and 200: Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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Page 205 and 206: English cultures respectively. In a
Page 207 and 208: I will shortly illustrate how each
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Page 211 and 212: The in-the-know self is a second sy
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Page 217 and 218: Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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Page 225 and 226: Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Page 229 and 230: 7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
Page 231 and 232: 27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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Page 241 and 242: of these selves at conversational w
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Page 245 and 246: CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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Page 249 and 250: Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
Page 251 and 252: Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
Page 253 and 254: Beginning with the topic of convers
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Page 261 and 262: Conversely, in considering the next
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Page 265 and 266: however, such narrating selves are
Page 267 and 268: Running alongside these narrative s
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Page 273 and 274: 6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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Page 277 and 278: In terms of the selves mobilised, t
Page 279 and 280: in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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