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salient positive German self, the agonised self. That is the theme all participants in'studieren als hobby' are orienting to is the ultimate value associated with'Arbeit, or more specifically, 'bezahlte Arbeit'. In that sense there is an over-arching positive alignment to this episode in that although the nature and status of RP and EP's studies are causing some negative alignment the question of whether or not paid work is valued is never explicitly brought into question. Indeed, the immediate rejection of the association of KP and RP's work as a hobby evidences this paid work (highly valued) vs. hobby (non-valued) dichotomy. This, of course, relates to the images invoked of non-present RIP and EP in that where KH and SH seem to be abasing RP and EP, HB and GB are struggling to invoke demeaned images of RIP and EP, thereby further evidencing the value of demeaned selves in German conversation interaction. Thus, as with the previous three excerpts, 'Studierien als Hobby' is primarily rather than exclusively negatively aligned (although prima facie it may appear so) and stays within the boundaries of equilibric sociability. Although - at least to the English reader - this piece of sociable conversation may appear prima facie potentially non-sociable and threaten the underlying condition of ritual equilibrium, it is not uncommon of conversation within German sociable episodes. Indeed, in my own data and from my wider observations, such talk is endemic to German sociability. However, as I have maintained throughout, the reasons for this particular episode and much of German conversation taking such a form is not in the fist instance the motivations of speakers but rather the normatively available sociable selves. First, as with 'Internationale Arbeitslosigkeit, both sets of couples are demonstrating a shared orientation to a common topic, that is, the academic studies of RP and EP. Second, there is a clear distinction oriented to by all participants in the talk between paid work and non-paid work, with the former being valued and the latter much less so - this heightened valuing of paid 280
N work or'Arbeit' being an extremely salient undercurrent in German conversation. However, in terms of the conversational topic, unlike the negative alignment seen in 'Tommy Fields', there is first some lack of clarity as to what exactly RP and EP are doing in their 'studies' or how these studies are, and second, some question as to whether these studies are actually work at all or just a hobby. There is then some definitional and evaluative incongruity between participants. This is clearly reflected in the way participants mobilise and align conversational selves, what were classed as examining and demeaned selves. However, aside from the institutionalised form of this talk attesting to its equilibric status, the selves mobilised can, as with the previous data, be seen to be both ratificatory and supportive and by the same measure equilibric. Examining selves are ratified and supported in and through the demeaned selves mobilised and aligned by HB&GB. Likewise, the continuing alignment of examinatory selves both ratifies and supports the continued mobilisation of demeaned selves on the part of HB&GB, even to the point (and again, this is not uncommon in German sociable conversation) where HB&GB may mobilise counter-examinatory selves. Although then prime facie this episode appears non-equilibric, both sets of participants are clearly working to a culturally specific version of working consensus in - an this is fundamental id it id to remain equilibric - an institutionalised way. Having now concluded my analysis of both the German and English data, I now want to briefly discuss the findings presented in this chapter 8.3 Discussion: Aligning Selves in the Achievement of Sociability In the preceding analyses I have considered a series of transcribed excerpts of conversation drawn from sociable episodes occurring within both English and German sociable gatherings. Beginning with the English data, each excerpt has been analysed by employing the facework as alignment 281
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Page 241 and 242: of these selves at conversational w
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Page 273 and 274: 6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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Page 277 and 278: In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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Page 285 and 286: episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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Page 295 and 296: preceding comments regarding sociab
Page 297 and 298: CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
Page 299 and 300: identified in conversational behavi
Page 301 and 302: handled sociable topics, in terms o
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Page 307 and 308: maintain the underlying equilibrium
Page 309 and 310: allowed for by the facework as alig
Page 311 and 312: somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
Page 313 and 314: Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
Page 315 and 316: Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
Page 317 and 318: German Participants Name Age Occupa
Page 319 and 320: German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
Page 321 and 322: Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
Page 323 and 324: Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
Page 325 and 326: Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
Page 327 and 328: Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
Page 329 and 330: - (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
Page 331 and 332: - (1994) 'Facework in Communication
Page 333 and 334: Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
Page 335 and 336: Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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