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Notes to Chapter 4 1 Several of the German and a limited number of the English gatherings were centred around Raclette grills. This is essentially table top version of an electric barbecue. Between 2 and 6 people sit together cooking food in small 'pans' under the grill. I discovered this in Germany but purchased one for England. The sociable effect was much the same as in the German setting - as guests wait for their culinary creations to cook heightened levels of chat quickly develop amongst participants, with the omni-present possibility of having to check that one's food isn't burning offering a legitimate activity switch if conversation dries up. 2 Those gatherings that were recorded in my own home consisted of persons whom I had invited. I assumed the normal role of host, and therefore selected on that basis persons who I would normally invite, irrespective of whether I was recording or not. It cannot be denied however, that the need to obtain recordings did have at some influence on my motivation in organising and attending some of the gatherings in both cultures. * 31 have provided what I regard as the predominant relational details here (e. g. primary relationships such as husband - wife, brother - sister, or if no other relationship exists between any two participants, friend - friend). 4 The actual recordings process appeared prima facie unproblematic at the outset of this investigation. However, the technical contingencies being able to gather data suitable for the type of analysis that I intended to carry out came to occupy a considerable amount of my time in the initial part of the data collection phase. 51 avoided using an 'auto-reverse' function found on most tape recorders today. As I intended to leave the tape running for several hours I did not want the same tape re-recording on side A upon coming to the end of side B. The Sony had an alarm which signified the end of a side with a beep, although this itself presented another set of problems during the recording stage (see sec. 4.4). r' The PZM mike was used in settings where participants were 'mobile' and were moving nearer to and further from the mike, for example, when a host(ess) would take a turn at talk with her into the kitchen to retrieve food or utensils, or in garden settings where participants were more physically mobile in general. In such instances, the boundary on the mike'expanded' to include such talk. 7 The button mike was used when I decided that the presence of the boundary mike (larger and more obtrusive) would interfere with the interaction so as to disrupt it. 8 Re-chargeable batteries emit a 1.25 v. charge compared to the 1.5 v in standard non- rechargeable batteries. The lower voltage can and did on occasion cause malfunctioning of recording equipment. 9 The relationship between and complementary uses of ethnographic and conversation analytic approaches to cultural analysis is comprehensively explored in Hopper (1990/91) to which the reader is directed for a more thorough discussion than can be afforded here. 10 There is a problem here in that reader will know my surname, therefore my wife's surname and then possibly - by looking at participants relational details provided in parts of the thesis - be able to work out participant's identities. I am hoping that the chances of this happening, and the desire on the readers to go through this process will be so minimal as to not threaten the ethical integrity of the study. 11 1 reconstruct my general line from memory here as, by definition, permission seeking lTisodes took e place before the tape recorder was running. 1 Requests have perhaps received more study for their face implications than any other speech act type (see Chapter 1). 13 Tannen (1984,33-4) describes this as an 'observer's paradox'. `14 As with consent seeking episodes, these utterances occurred 'off-tape', usually as the machine was still beeping to signal the end of a particular side of a cassette. They are then also reconstructed from memory. 15 1 have elsewhere referred to this dual role as one of 'doing socia(b)l(e) science' (see Philburn ý2002]). 6 An additional problem in the German settings was my uniqueness as the 'Englishman'. I felt on occasion that I did attract undue attention on the basis of my cultural membership. This usually involving, me being asked in English about issues ranging from the state of the national football team to inquiries as to whether I would prefer'fish and chips'to the food prepared for other guests. Of course this both allowed humour to enter the conversation whilst providing an opportunity for participants to display their spoken English - invariably better than my spoken 11
German. However, these episodes aside, I do not feel that my presence as 'Englishman' per se influenced the conversational development to any great extent. 17 Riesman and Watson (1964,249 & 270) note that a requirement of researchers of sociable episodes is to simultaneously both observe and relax and enjoy himself / herself (again, see Philbum [2003] for a more detailed discussion on the trajectory of this dual role). 117
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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Page 83 and 84: Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
Page 85 and 86: Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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Page 89 and 90: asic irreducible sociological varia
Page 91 and 92: Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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Page 97 and 98: In fact, these two opposing orienta
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Page 105 and 106: Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
Page 111 and 112: 4.1 Research Questions In the previ
Page 113 and 114: eferring to as sociable includes in
Page 115 and 116: The decision on quantity of data wa
Page 117 and 118: largely anecdotal evidence from whi
Page 119 and 120: such as laughter sequences. I also
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
Page 123 and 124: The obtrusiveness of my recording w
Page 125: hand, I did not want to engage in t
Page 129 and 130: presented here provides a necessary
Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
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Page 139 and 140: Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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Page 145 and 146: In the next chapter I want to explo
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
Page 149 and 150: shall not be carried forward into t
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Page 155 and 156: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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Page 163 and 164: detrimental effects foreigners are
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Page 169 and 170: 28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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