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CHAPTER 3 FACEWORK AS ALIGNMENT ... a proper model of face dynamics must incofporate the idea that people are interacting for the purposes of companionship and affiliation as well as selfdefinition ... interaction is typically regulated by vafying degrees of an affiliation motive and a desire for self-definition. (Earley 1997,62) 3.0 Introduction In the preceding pages I have introduced the notions of face and facework, and gone on to consider cultural variations in both the conceptualisations of the face and the linguistic realisation of facework (Chapter 1). 1 have also more specifically outlined how German and English communicative style displays marked differences along a range of communicative parameters, which points to variations in the way face concerns inform everyday discourse in either culture (Chapter 2). Having set out the conceptual and empirical terrain then, I want now to address the question of an appropriate analytic framework for systematically addressing English - German differences in the realisation of facework in ongoing talk. I have accorded this question a whole chapter due to its centrality to both the research questions and empirical foci of this study. I shall begin by outlining the main approaches to the analysis of facework in discourse, these being largely applications or developments of Goffman's and Brown and Levinson's frameworks (3.1). 1 shall then change footing somewhat to consider the contingencies and dynamics of the particular type of discourse on which this particular study is based, that is, sociable interaction (3.2). Based on these discussions, I shall go on to posit an approach more suitable than extant frameworks to addressing facework in ongoing sociable conversation, that is, an approach not having as its primary unit of analysis sociable utterances, but rather sociable selves, and their mobilisation in the achievement of ritual -or as I shall refer to it from here on 'sociable equilibrium' (3.3). Finally I shall conclude the chapter (3.4). 76
This chapter then can be regarded as being central to the procedural and analytic stance taken in this study. To that end it will guide the following analytical chapters (see Chapters 6-8), and is one on which the thesis rests. 3.1 Facework in Discourse In Chapter II outlined the general stances taken by Goffman and Brown and Levinson towards the concept of face and facework practices. I now want to consider more carefully the analytical purchase afforded by these major paradigms and subsequent attempts to further develop them in the light of the current conceptual, empirical, and analytic concerns. Although not setting out a formal model for analysis as such, Goffman's musings filter into most studies of facework. Indeed several cross-cultural studies, including those focusing on non Anglo-American or non-Westem cultures, extol the virtues of Goffman's approach. As I mentioned in Chapter 1, Goffman identified a range of discreet phenomena which he framed as facework (see Goffman 1967; 1971). These have formed the basis of much work drawing specifically on Goffman's interpretive stance in the consideration of actions such as accounts and apologies (e. g. Owen 1983), actions generically referred to by Goffman as components of 'remedial interchanges' (Goffman 1971). Issues such as embarrassment and self-presentational work has also been subject to Goffmanesque interpretation (see Cupach and Metts 1994; Metts 1997; and Tracey 1990 for reviews). What Goffman's approach has done is in effect sensitise researchers to these phenomena as being part and parcel of facework. Unfortunately, the majority of studies employing a Goffmanesque standpoint focus not on equilibric action per se, but rather on actual or potential disequilibrium, where face may be under threat in some way. Actions such as requests or apologies are thus framed using Goffman's conceptual schema as 'aligning actions' - essentially remedial in nature. Indeed, even though Goffman himself highlighted the fundamental nature of facework as a condition of interaction, his own work seems to be best suited to moments in interaction where face becomes potentially or actually threatened - becomes 'an issue' (Goffman 1967). Salient, often highly ritualised and formulaic acts such as accounts and apologies, although clearly 77
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
Page 35 and 36: etween self and other). Conversatio
Page 37 and 38: allowing in effect a speaker to cri
Page 39 and 40: as an equilibric practice, allowing
Page 41 and 42: universality, particularly in studi
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
Page 45 and 46: Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
Page 47 and 48: Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
Page 49 and 50: Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
Page 51 and 52: 1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
Page 53 and 54: facework operates on an underlying
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
Page 57 and 58: impolite. However, I soon came to r
Page 59 and 60: in potential or actual conflict sit
Page 61 and 62: salient differences. For example, G
Page 63 and 64: Watts observed that German conversa
Page 65 and 66: Finally, although Watts argued that
Page 67 and 68: elatively little overlap, and a gen
Page 69 and 70: contributions, with the former set
Page 71 and 72: fully and substantively, what was r
Page 73 and 74: oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
Page 75 and 76: 2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
Page 77 and 78: service but by more confrontational
Page 79 and 80: Finally, additional explanatory dim
Page 81 and 82: specific communicative practices, a
Page 83 and 84: Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
Page 85: Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
Page 89 and 90: asic irreducible sociological varia
Page 91 and 92: Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
Page 93 and 94: particularly amenable to such a heu
Page 95 and 96: identify certain underlying dynamic
Page 97 and 98: In fact, these two opposing orienta
Page 99 and 100: at any given point in the flow of c
Page 101 and 102: orderly and meaningful conversation
Page 103 and 104: locally managed and constantly in d
Page 105 and 106: Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
Page 107 and 108: toward a clearer understanding of w
Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
Page 111 and 112: 4.1 Research Questions In the previ
Page 113 and 114: eferring to as sociable includes in
Page 115 and 116: The decision on quantity of data wa
Page 117 and 118: largely anecdotal evidence from whi
Page 119 and 120: such as laughter sequences. I also
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
Page 123 and 124: The obtrusiveness of my recording w
Page 125 and 126: hand, I did not want to engage in t
Page 127 and 128: German. However, these episodes asi
Page 129 and 130: presented here provides a necessary
Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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