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of such narratives commonly acted as suitably interested, surprised, and entertained audiences (see Goffman 1974). English sociable topic development often centred around the affective domain, with habitual uses of humour; wise- cracks, funny anecdotes, rude / naughty play on words etc. German conversation was characterised more by discussion of topics common to all participants. Thus, the cognitive domain was one around which German conversation tended to develop, with topic talk was based more on close consideration of fact and the ability to quickly take in, process, and deduce some proposition. Emotive inner sharing seemed to be generally avoided in favour of well thought out discussion. A nice difference for this metaphor in terms of the self might be that English conversations was akin to a conversational staging of selves, whereas German appeared more akin to a conversational arena for selves (see table 5.2). Table 5.2 Some Characteristics of Speaker / Hearer Alignments to Developing Conversational Topic English German Speakers > Took up moderate turn space > Held the floor for extensive to proffer amusing and periods to outline personal interesting narrative stances > Formulated turns on basis of > Formulated turns on the basis personal feelings towards of personal knowledge, experience of a topic understanding, and logical reasoning Recipients > Listened with frequent back- > Listened intently to what channel markers to signal another person may be saying amusement and interest with minimum back-channel > Intervened when points of markers agreement were identified > Intervened quickly when flaws (yeah yeah) in stance were identified (aber pass auf [but hold on a minute] A prime function of such topic development was undoubtedly to signal commonality and solidarity between participants. Once underway however, there opened up the possibility for development of more individuated nuances of a common theme. Thus, as well as allowing an expression of commonality of selves, Reminiscences talk seemed also to facilitate the invocation of a 132
collective past peppered with individualised past activities; Agonisers also seemed to allow for both the expression solidarity and commonality over a common problem as well as more individualistic ones; Reportables such as travel talk appeared to allow participants the conversational space to present unique accounts whilst at the same time allowing for the expression of commonality or solidarity; and finally Biographicals allowed for a proffered individuated account to be assimilated solidarically with the biographies of other participants present. Thus, although these topic areas appear to some degree inherently differentiating, there was scope for the expression of solidaritY9. Such sociable topics then variously allowed for the collective expression of both solidarity / communality, and autonomy / difference (see fig. 3). Fig. 5.3 Sociable Topic Categories as Resource for Face Needs English German Salient recur(ing topic frame REMINISCENCES AGONISERS REPORTABLES BIOGRAPHICALS ------------------------------------------------------------ NB: Topics are not fixed but move along these continua as they are conversationally developed and various face needs are realised. ----------------------------------------------------- 11414
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Page 109 and 110: Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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Page 113 and 114: eferring to as sociable includes in
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Page 121 and 122: Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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Page 131 and 132: two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
Page 133 and 134: Hand shakes for example were infreq
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Page 139 and 140: Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
Page 141: in my observations of German sociab
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Page 149 and 150: shall not be carried forward into t
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Page 155 and 156: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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Page 163 and 164: detrimental effects foreigners are
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Page 169 and 170: 28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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Page 183 and 184: What happens in this particular exc
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Page 189 and 190: What happens here is that KIP proff
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
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Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
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Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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