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List of Tables Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... List of Figures ...................................................................................................... Conversational Excerpts ........................................................................ Transcription Conventions ..................................................................... Acknowledgments Abstract INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................... The 'Research Problem . ............................................................................ On a Personal Note: Background to the Study ....................................................... Emergence of a Thesis ........................................................................................... Organisation of the Chapters .................................................................................. A Plea for an Instructed Reading ............................................................................. CHAPTER 1: FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEPT, CONTEXT, CULTURE ....... 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1.1 Foundational Texts ..................................................................................... 1.2 Face and Facework across Cultures .......................................................... 1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium ..................................................................... 1.4 Summary ..................................................................................................... 1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... CHAPTER 2: ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEUTONIC CHEESE: ENGLISH AND GERMAN 'COMMUNICATIVE STYLE . .................................. 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 2.1 Personal Musings ....... .................................................................................. 2.2 German-English Comparative Research ....................................................... 2.3 Communicative Underpinnings ................................................................ 2.4 Methodological, Analytical, and Procedural Considerations ........................... 2.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................... CHAPTER 3: FACEWORK AS ALIGNMENT .......................................................... 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 3.1 Facework in Discourse ................................................................................ 3.2 Sociable Conversation: The To and Fro of Sociability ................................... 3.3 Sociable Conversation as Facework ............................................................. 3.4 Summary ...................................................................................................... 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... Page iv v A vii viii ix I I 3 4 5 I 13 13 15 30 41 42 43 45 45 46 47 65 70 73 76 76 77 83 89 97 98 i
CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIENCE ............................................. 4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 4.1 Research Questions ...................................................................................... 4.2 Data Collection .............................................................................................. 4.3 Management and Initial Analysis of Conversational Data ............................. 4.4 Ethical Issues: Consent, Explanation, and Role Ambivalence ...................... 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................... CHAPTER 5: ALIGNING FOR ALIGNMENT: COLLECTIVE ORIENTATIONS TO SOCIABLE GATHERINGS ..................................................................................... 5.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 5.1 Aligning for Sociability ................................................................................... 5.2 Aligning for Alignment ................................................................................... 5.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................... CHAPTER 6: ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE SOCIABLE ALIGNMENT ........................................................................................... 6.0 Introduction .................................................................................................. 6.1 A Basic Notation System ............................................................................... 6.2 Cooperative Positive and Negative Alignments ............................................. 6.3 Positive and Negative Claims: Their Ratification and Support ..................... 6.3.1 Positive Claims and their Ratification and Support ............................... 6.3.2 Negative Claims and their Ratification and Support ............................. 6.4 Positive and Negative Claims: Their Non-Ratifi cation .............................. 6.4.1 Non-Ratification of Positive Claims ..................................................... 6.4.2 Non-Ratification of Negative Claims .................................................... 6.5 On the Boundaries of Sociable Equilibrium: Negative and Positive Threshold Breaches ......................................................................... 6.5.1 Disequilibric Negative Alignment (Positive Threshold Breaches) .............. 6.5.2 Disequilibric Positive Alignment (Negative Threshold Breaches) ............. 6.6 Alignment Contingencies: Summary ................................................... 6.7 Conclusion ................................................................................... CHAPTER 7: GERMAN AND ENGLISH SOCIABLE SELVES .............................. 7.0 Introduction .................................................................................................. 7.1 Conversational Claims and the 'Self . ........................................................ 7.2 Solidaric Selves and Idiomatic Identities: Positive and Negative Sociable Selves as Players and Images 196 ..................................................................... 7.3 Negative Selves 198 ............................................................................................. 7.3.1 English Sociable Selves 198 7.3.2 ................................................................. German Sociable Selves 209 ................................................................. 7.4 Positive Selves 219 7.4.1 .............................................................................. English Sociable Selves 219 7.4.2 ................................................................. German Sociable Selves 224 ................................................................ 7.5 Summary: Sociable Selves Players, Images, - and Positive Social Values.. 230 7.6 Conclusion .................................................................................... 100 100 101 102 107 ill 115 118 118 119 125 134 137 137 139 142 148 149 153 161 161 166 174 175 182 186 187 190 190 192 232 ii
Page 1: FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
Page 5 and 6: Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
Page 7 and 8: Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
Page 11 and 12: The 'Research Problem' Introduction
Page 13 and 14: Taking these problematics as a star
Page 15 and 16: At the time, this proposal seemed e
Page 17 and 18: the self and its relationship to on
Page 19 and 20: activity of sociable conversation,
Page 21 and 22: including the application of the fa
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
Page 25 and 26: 1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
Page 27 and 28: communicative action could be seen
Page 29 and 30: Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
Page 31 and 32: distribution of his feelings, and t
Page 33 and 34: empirically difficult' phenomenon (
Page 35 and 36: etween self and other). Conversatio
Page 37 and 38: allowing in effect a speaker to cri
Page 39 and 40: as an equilibric practice, allowing
Page 41 and 42: universality, particularly in studi
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
Page 45 and 46: Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
Page 47 and 48: Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
Page 49 and 50: Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
Page 51 and 52: 1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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6 (0.5) 7 EP: America is booming at
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own unemployment levels -a concern
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In terms of the selves mobilised, t
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in 'Cookie's Party'- again, a secon
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35 GB: kann man nie als [endgültig
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is HB: =Yeah not at all but e:: rm=
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episode takes place. Rather, the ta
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The excerpt begins as HB is proffer
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What this talk demonstrates is that
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N work or'Arbeit' being an extremel
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demeaned and knowledgeable selves (
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preceding comments regarding sociab
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION: THE TO AND FR
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identified in conversational behavi
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handled sociable topics, in terms o
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to bring themselves and their inter
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sociable conversation. This sociabl
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maintain the underlying equilibrium
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allowed for by the facework as alig
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somebody who is overly-friendly, ge
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Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
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Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
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German Participants Name Age Occupa
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German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
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Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Ervin-Tripp, S., Nakamura, K, and G
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Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and S
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Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
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- (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
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- (1994) 'Facework in Communication
Page 333 and 334:
Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
Page 335 and 336:
Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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