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- (1967) Interaction Rituat Essays in Face-to-Face Behaviour. Chicago, Aldine. - (1969) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London, Allen Lane. - (1971) Relations in Public., Microstudies of the Public Order. New York, Basic Books. - (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation of Experience. Harmondsworth, Penguin. - (1981) Forms of Talk. Oxford, Basil Blackwell. Grice, H P. (1975) 'Logic and Conversation. In Cole, P., and Morgan, J L. (eds. ) Syntax and Semantics VoL 3: Speech Acts. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 41-58. Gu, Y. (1990) 'Politeness Phenomena in Modem Chinese', Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), 237-257. Gumperz, J. (1982) Discourse Strategies. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Hall, E. T. (1976) Beyond Culture. New York, Doubleday. - (1983) The Dance of Life. New York, Doubleday. Hall, E. T. and Reed Hall M. 0 983) Hidden Differences: How to Communicate with the Germans. Hamburg, Gruner und Jahr. Held, G. (1992) 'Politeness in Linguistic Research, in Watts et al (eds. ), pp. 131 - 153. 314
Hellweg, S A., Samovar, L A., and Skow, L. (1994) 'Cultural Variations in Negotiation Style', in Samovar, L A., and Porter, R E. (eds. ) Intercultural Communication: A Reader. Belmont, Wadsworth, pp. 286-293. Hill, B., Ide, S., Ikuta, S., Kawasaki, A., and Ogino, T. (1986) 'Universals of Linguistic Politeness: Quantitative Evidence from Japanese and American English', Journal of Pragmatics 10,347-371. Ho, D Y. (1976) 'On the Concept of Face, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 81 No. 4,867-884. - (1994) 'Face Dynamics: From Conceptualization to Measurement', in Ting- Toomey, S. (ed. ), pp. 269-286. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's Consequences: Intemational Differences in Work- Related Values. Beverley Hills, CA, SAGE. Hopper, R. (ed. ) (1990/91) 'Ethnography and Conversation Analysis after Talking Culture', Special Section of Research on Language and Social Interaction Vol. 24. House, J. (1979)Interaktionsnormen in Deutschen und Englischen Alltagsdialogen', Linguistische Bericht 59179,76-90. - (11 982a) 'Opening and Closing Phases in German and English Dialogues', Grazer Linguistische Studien 16,52-82. - (1982b) 'Conversational Strategies in German and English Dialogues', in Nickel, G., and Nehis, D. (eds. ) 'Error Analysis, Contrastive Linguistics and Second Language Learning', Special Issue of IRAL, Heidelberg, Julius Gross Verlag, pp. 135-150. - (1 982c) 'Gambits in Deutschen und Englischen Alltagsdialogen. Versuch einer Pragmatisch-Kontrastiven Analyse', Grazer Linguistische Studien 17118: 110-132. 315
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FACEWORK IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN SOCI
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CHAPTER 4: DOING SOCIA(B)L(E) SCIEN
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Table List of Tables 1.1 Archetypal
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Conversational Excerpts Excerpt Pag
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements se
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The 'Research Problem' Introduction
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Taking these problematics as a star
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At the time, this proposal seemed e
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the self and its relationship to on
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activity of sociable conversation,
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including the application of the fa
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CHAPTER I FACE AND FACEWORK: CONCEP
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1.1 Foundational Texts In order to
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communicative action could be seen
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Fig. 1.1 Goffman's Model of Ritual
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distribution of his feelings, and t
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empirically difficult' phenomenon (
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etween self and other). Conversatio
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allowing in effect a speaker to cri
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as an equilibric practice, allowing
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universality, particularly in studi
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Table 1.3 Individualist (LCC) and C
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Morisaki and Gudykunst (1994) emplo
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Mao (1994) addresses this tension b
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Tannen's work (1981 a; 1981 b) perh
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1.3 Culture, Facework, Equilibrium
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facework operates on an underlying
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CHAPTER 2 ANGLO-SAXON CHALK AND TEU
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impolite. However, I soon came to r
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in potential or actual conflict sit
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salient differences. For example, G
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Watts observed that German conversa
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Finally, although Watts argued that
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elatively little overlap, and a gen
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contributions, with the former set
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fully and substantively, what was r
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oriented to unmitigated disagreemen
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2.3 Communicative Underpinnings The
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service but by more confrontational
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Finally, additional explanatory dim
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specific communicative practices, a
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Brown and Levinson (1987). Indeed,
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Notes to Chapter 2 11 use the term
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This chapter then can be regarded a
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asic irreducible sociological varia
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Fraser (1990) who, in also attempti
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particularly amenable to such a heu
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identify certain underlying dynamic
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In fact, these two opposing orienta
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at any given point in the flow of c
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orderly and meaningful conversation
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locally managed and constantly in d
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Poles of Alignment Fig. 3.6 Sociabl
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toward a clearer understanding of w
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Notes to Chapter 3 1 See also Brown
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4.1 Research Questions In the previ
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eferring to as sociable includes in
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The decision on quantity of data wa
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largely anecdotal evidence from whi
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such as laughter sequences. I also
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Table 4.3 Data: Omissions from Anal
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The obtrusiveness of my recording w
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hand, I did not want to engage in t
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German. However, these episodes asi
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presented here provides a necessary
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two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7). He
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Hand shakes for example were infreq
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eing invariably solidaric in nature
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claimed on the part of the particip
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Table 5.1 Sociable Topics Topic Cat
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in my observations of German sociab
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collective past peppered with indiv
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In the next chapter I want to explo
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CHAPTER 6 ALIGNMENT IN ACTION: NEGA
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shall not be carried forward into t
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These various symbols are intended
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rather than
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19 EP: ' [Although I mean that [now
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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detrimental effects foreigners are
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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28 HB: but at the end of the day >1
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approach, I hope to further illumin
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37 KJ: I never had any day to day (
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2 bevor (. ) die Schlange nicht zeh
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ot non-ratifi cation and non-suppor
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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What happens in this particular exc
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To reiterate, positive threshold br
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41 LIP: [IN FACT THERE WAs quite a
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What happens here is that KIP proff
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17 KH: the road (1) >and if he want
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1 2 3 4 5 6 which a new set of indi
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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and English differences in conversa
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Notes to Chapter 6 1 The only insta
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study is a sociological one, and it
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performer, a player, an image, a fi
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English cultures respectively. In a
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I will shortly illustrate how each
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18 KJ: [(Graphic drawin)= 19 LM: =O
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The in-the-know self is a second sy
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documentaries to having witnessed r
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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Excerpt 7.6'Up a Hill' The sociable
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RP&EP's mobilisation of an in-the-k
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Excerpt 7.10 Was muss Mann machen?
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Often, knowledgeable selves are ali
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7.4 Positive Selves I suggested ear
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27 RP: =get out of it= 28 LM: =. HH
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 is
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of these selves at conversational w
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develop the comparative focus, one
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CHAPTER 8 ALIGNING SELVES IN THE AC
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atification and support of unique,
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Fig 8.2b The Individuated Selves (a
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Excerpt 8.1 'Cookie's Party' I LM:
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Beginning with the topic of convers
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as re-invoking selves. The category
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An interesting phenomenon which is
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An additional consequence of alignm
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Conversely, in considering the next
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100 KP: I mean you see two or three
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however, such narrating selves are
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Running alongside these narrative s
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capabilities of KP&EP and in this w
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Page 299 and 300: identified in conversational behavi
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Page 309 and 310: allowed for by the facework as alig
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Page 313 and 314: Fig 9.2 A Maxim of Conversational P
Page 315 and 316: Notes to Chapter 9 1 When we are ta
Page 317 and 318: German Participants Name Age Occupa
Page 319 and 320: German Gatherings Gathering Date Se
Page 321 and 322: Brown, G., and Yule, G. (1983) Disc
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Page 327 and 328: Hu, H C. (1944) The Chinese concept
Page 329 and 330: - (1979) 'Stylistic Strategies with
Page 331 and 332: - (1994) 'Facework in Communication
Page 333 and 334: Snell-Hornby, M.. (1984) 'The Lingu
Page 335 and 336: Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., and
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