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Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Knowledge ...

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David Grosse Kathoefer and Jens Leker<br />

analysis, again <strong>on</strong>e item had to be eliminated (α = 0.814). All o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r exogenous variables were<br />

measured as single-item scales due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir unambiguous nature.<br />

Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, we employed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> age <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scientist, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research (basic or applied) and his<br />

research discipline as c<strong>on</strong>trols in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> structural equati<strong>on</strong> model. All three may distort <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> influencing<br />

factors <strong>on</strong> NIH significantly. Table 1 c<strong>on</strong>tains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> correlati<strong>on</strong> matrix <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> all employed variables and<br />

c<strong>on</strong>structs.<br />

3.3 Methodology<br />

To test our hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ses, we employ structural equati<strong>on</strong> modelling (SEM) disclosing causal<br />

relati<strong>on</strong>ships with multiple independent and dependent variables (Bentler, 1988). A SEM c<strong>on</strong>sists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />

measurement model and a structural model (Hair, 2006). As we already assessed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

measurement model in a c<strong>on</strong>firmatory factor analysis (CFA), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> structural model has to be tested in a<br />

sec<strong>on</strong>d-step (Hair, 2006). One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most wide-spread estimati<strong>on</strong> methods in SEM is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> maximumlikelihood<br />

(ML) procedure. Similar to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> CFA, we also employ this estimati<strong>on</strong> technique for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> SEM.<br />

To evaluate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall fit <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> model, same quality criteria as in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> CFA are used.<br />

Table 1: Correlati<strong>on</strong> matrix<br />

Variables Scale Mean St.<br />

dev.<br />

NIH a 1-7 3.95 0.78 1.00<br />

Opini<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

colleagues a<br />

Internal<br />

communicati<strong>on</strong> a<br />

1-7 2.17 1.09 .54*** 1.00<br />

1-7 4.21 1.33 -.08 -.11* 1.00<br />

Work routine a 1-7 3.87 1.37 -.04 -.02 -.09 1.00<br />

Group pride a 1-7 4.74 1.40 -.11* -.10* .41*** .05 1.00<br />

Industry<br />

collaborati<strong>on</strong> a<br />

University<br />

collaborati<strong>on</strong> a<br />

Years at<br />

university a<br />

Quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> past<br />

projects a<br />

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13<br />

Open 0.77 0.78 .10* .05 -.06 .03 .11* 1.00<br />

Open 1.96 0.67 -.14* -.12* .14** -.06 .15** .22*** 1.00<br />

Open 9.68 8.18 .04 .04 -.12** -.04 -.07 .08 -.02 1.00<br />

1-7 5.05 1.16 -.42*** -.27*** .11* -.10* .02 .07 .10* .15** 1.00<br />

Age a Open 49.52 8.39 -.02 -.00 -.14** -.01 -.09 .10* -.04 .81*** .09 1.00<br />

Type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research a 1-20 5.51 4.52 .01 -.01 -.15** .01 .01 .56*** .03 .11** .03 .13** 1.00<br />

Dummy chemistry b 0-1 0.30 0.46 .13** .11** -.04 -.01 .06 .37*** .09* -.01 .01 -.06 .20*** 1.00<br />

Dummy physics b 0-1 0.34 0.47 -.06 -.08 .07 -.16*** .02 -.15** -.03 .01 .08* -.01 -.07 -.47*** 1.00<br />

Notes: N = 477; factor scores were calculated using summated scales; Industry Collaborati<strong>on</strong> and University Collaborati<strong>on</strong> are<br />

transformed values using <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> square root functi<strong>on</strong>, a correlati<strong>on</strong>s are based <strong>on</strong> Pears<strong>on</strong>’s R; b correlati<strong>on</strong>s are based <strong>on</strong><br />

Kendall’s Tau-b; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.<br />

4. Results<br />

Taking <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> measurement model from our CFA and implementing it into our hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ses framework, we<br />

c<strong>on</strong>struct our structural model (Byrne, 2001). The structural model represents <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> suggested<br />

regressi<strong>on</strong> paths and completes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> SEM. According to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposed relati<strong>on</strong>ships, we set up a model<br />

representing all hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ses as regressi<strong>on</strong> paths between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> respective variables and latent<br />

c<strong>on</strong>structs. Testing this model shows a ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r bad fit as CFI <strong>on</strong>ly amounts to 0.839, RMSEA to 0.068<br />

and SRMR to 0.095. Therefore, we respecify our model to achieve a better fit to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> covariance matrix<br />

(Hair, 2006). The final model is presented in figure 2 and dem<strong>on</strong>strates an adequate fit, keeping in<br />

mind that a structural model can never achieve a better fit than its underlying measurement model<br />

(Hair, 2006). CFI is at 0.935, RMSEA at 0.043 and SRMR is at 0.070. Taking <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se values as<br />

acceptable, we use <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> final model for evaluating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ses.<br />

365

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