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Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Knowledge ...

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4.2.1 Discussi<strong>on</strong> – Case 2<br />

Tore Hoel and Jan Pawlowski<br />

By design <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scoping phase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a new standardisati<strong>on</strong> project is an important Key <strong>Knowledge</strong> Sharing<br />

Point. This is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time where all critical dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a project are defined: aims, scope, project team,<br />

resources, time frame, etc. If <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se aspects are not sufficiently detailed and resolved <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> design,<br />

sense-making and negotiati<strong>on</strong> processes will be strained with tasks not c<strong>on</strong>tributing to an efficient<br />

standardisati<strong>on</strong> process. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> design <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> anticipatory standards this is especially important as this<br />

category <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> standards is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten subject to scope creep (unc<strong>on</strong>trolled change <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scope) as nobody is<br />

able to foresee what is needed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future. The focus <strong>on</strong> funding instead <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> technical needs<br />

increases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> danger <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scope creeps. The case study showed that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time was right, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

sharing c<strong>on</strong>text did not allow for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> right key knowledge to emerge. <strong>Knowledge</strong> related to alternative<br />

methods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> development and design was transferred as fixed or frozen artefacts, encapsulated in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

standards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> authors suggested as a starting point for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work. It is expected that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposal<br />

clarifies what technologies <strong>on</strong> which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> new soluti<strong>on</strong> will be built. However, if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> base standards are<br />

not opened up for translati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implicit methods will not be exposed. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> document analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

base standards act as immutable mobiles ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than key knowledge objects under transformati<strong>on</strong>.<br />

5. Towards a prescriptive <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ory<br />

We have seen that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> multifaceted KKSP c<strong>on</strong>cept is useful studying crossroads in global innovati<strong>on</strong><br />

projects. The noti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a crossroad comes with an understanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a choice between different<br />

directi<strong>on</strong>s. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> simplified model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> innovati<strong>on</strong> process described by Tidd and Bessant (2009) <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

c<strong>on</strong>cept is particularly useful in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sec<strong>on</strong>d stage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> process: Select – what are we going to do –<br />

and why?, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> step that comes after Search – how can we find opportunities for innovati<strong>on</strong>?<br />

However, a fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> KKSP c<strong>on</strong>cept towards a prescriptive <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ory should give<br />

guidance <strong>on</strong> how to make a rati<strong>on</strong>al choice <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> directi<strong>on</strong>. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> LET standardisati<strong>on</strong> this should<br />

c<strong>on</strong>tribute to enhanced legitimacy for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity.<br />

Going back to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall objective <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> standards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> authors <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this paper acknowledge that<br />

implementors and end users alike want to push into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> background routinised acti<strong>on</strong>s that could be<br />

called by reference. We want systems “just to work”, not knowing what goes <strong>on</strong> behind <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scene.<br />

However, sometimes when a system is questi<strong>on</strong>ed (e.g., <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> legitimacy breaks down due to errors or<br />

accusati<strong>on</strong>s that <strong>on</strong>e particular interest is favoured by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> standard, s<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>tware, system or service) we<br />

want to check. And we want to make sure that new systems are based <strong>on</strong> sound principles.<br />

Therefore, <strong>on</strong> a regular basis, we need to be able to foreground <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> punctualised actants. The<br />

prescriptive steps we are searching for is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>es that let us identify and reopen <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> black boxes.<br />

The actor network <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ory sees order always as a provisi<strong>on</strong>al state. Networks needs c<strong>on</strong>tinual<br />

maintenance. This was dem<strong>on</strong>strated by both case studies. The first case study showed that Key<br />

<strong>Knowledge</strong> needs to be revisited again and again in order to mobilise <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> network. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sec<strong>on</strong>d case<br />

we observed that even if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> network was mobilised (a team was making a proposal) translati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

key knowledge was missing.<br />

Call<strong>on</strong> (1986) have described <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> translati<strong>on</strong> process in three steps that broadly corresp<strong>on</strong>d to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

Design - Sense-making - Negotiati<strong>on</strong> process Fomin et al. (2003) used to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>orise about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

standardisati<strong>on</strong> process. These steps include Problematisati<strong>on</strong> (setting up <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> objectives, identifying<br />

actants, etc.); Interessement and Enrollment; and Mobilisati<strong>on</strong>. Problematisati<strong>on</strong> includes an<br />

identificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e or more Obligatory Point <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Passage. In an actor network c<strong>on</strong>cerned with LET<br />

standardisati<strong>on</strong> some actors may have a positi<strong>on</strong> that gives <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m a disproporti<strong>on</strong>ate influence <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

problem definiti<strong>on</strong>, e.g., certain stakeholder groups or in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> new work items in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> CEN<br />

group, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>European</str<strong>on</strong>g> Commissi<strong>on</strong>. The KKSPs are definitely found in Obligatory Points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Passage.<br />

However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se are c<strong>on</strong>cepts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> different granularity. We would assume that KKSPs could be found<br />

all over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> network, depending a network node is opened for translati<strong>on</strong>. The interesting perspective<br />

arising from analysing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> KKSP c<strong>on</strong>cept in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> process stage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Problematisati<strong>on</strong> is that it<br />

gives us an idea how we could fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r develop <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept in a prescriptive setting.<br />

6. C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong><br />

In this paper we have explored a new c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Key <strong>Knowledge</strong> Sharing Point as a c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> to<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> methods development within a subdomain <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> global technology innovati<strong>on</strong>. The c<strong>on</strong>cept is<br />

c<strong>on</strong>structed as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intersecti<strong>on</strong> between Key <strong>Knowledge</strong> - Key Sharing Point - Key Timing. We have<br />

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