Information and Knowledge Management using ArcGIS ModelBuilder

Maria Concetta De Vivo, Alberto Polzonetti and Pietro Tapanelli
using advanced ICT innovations. Hence, real innovation is lacking in the “how” rather than the “what”,
in order to shift the focus onto the procedure rather than the product. This aspect leads onto the third
and last negative point which is preventing real growth in eGovernment: interoperability. The lack of
coordinated development of standards (better if open source to avoid dangerous lock-in phenomena),
effectively limits the scope of innovation, without any actual growth in the surrounding social situation.
Internet has in any case become the main source of digital access – without access, neither the
growth of a digital culture nor a real development of interoperability can take place.
These three aspects show that it’s necessary consider some solutions especially to improve the
broadband penetration with the rural areas. Without an access that is able to use PA services, we
can’t approach the second aspect, about digital culture lack. Each single PA, in particularly we can
talk about municipally that, waiting optical fibre, WiMAX and other similar technology, can support
actions oriented to develop, as much as possible, the liberalization of last mile. In this way, also little
internet providers can make business with buying broadband, from national telecommunication
operator (for example Telecom), and selling it to consumers. The HIPERLAN (HIgh PErformance
Radio LAN), and its development, could be a solution to bring broadband access to rural areas
(Kroes, 2011). When we can materially connect to the web, we must consider the second aspect. The
lack of digital culture can be solved using national and European financial channel, we talked about
7th framework programme or CIP framework programme for European reality but there many other
solutions, to improve a massive awareness campaign over the real benefit of an advantaged digital
culture. The interoperability, third aspect, instead, can be solved only when the other two aspects are
clear and developed. There is already a normative framework, both European and national, that is
able to support the raise of standards of reference interoperability (Pardo 2009).
In conclusion, it is important to note how some EU member states have begun to define access to
broadband as a right. Finland, France, Greece and Spain, also thanks to encouragement from the
UN, have already recognised the right to access as a fundamental right; in particular, in Finland it is
obligatory for providers to supply all citizens with a 1Mbps connection which must be increased to
100Mbps by 2014. In France, too, the Constitutional Court has recognised this fundamental right
based on indications in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. In Italy, on the other hand,
Prof. Stefano Rodotà, a well-known civil law expert and ex-president of the Italian Privacy Authority,
has proposed the integration of the Italian Constitution with an article 21-bis, indispensible for
guaranteeing the right to internet access for all citizens.
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