Information and Knowledge Management using ArcGIS ModelBuilder

Rozilawati Razali and Mahamsiatus Kamaruddin
(Miles & Huberman 1994). The triangulation concerned about moving from case (field study) to crosscase
(reviews) and vice-versa to determining how many items share similar characteristics. The
analysis was a deductive directed approach where key categories of CSF were identified. On the
other hand, each article and the outcome of each interview session were considered as a transcript
respectively. The significant elements from those transcripts were analysed individually and
comprehensively through inductive approach. Later, these elements were compared across
transcripts and grouped into a set of distinct categories. Any new element emerged from the
transcripts was constantly compared with those already encountered until no new insights could be
gained. Therefore, these steps were iterative. The analysis process was executed by using Nvivo
software.
From the analysis, four common categories were discovered: People, Process, Product and
Environment. Each category comprises several elements, as shown in Table 2. These categories are
indeed CSF of EIS implementation for education management. People are human resources who are
involved directly or indirectly in executing EIS implementation initiatives. Process is defined as
activities performed during system development, including the upgrading or maintenance process.
Product refers to artifacts that are used and produced by the process. Environment refers to
organisational and managerial factors such as plan/policy, management practices as well as politics
and culture.
Table 2: CSF for education EIS development
Factors Items Field
study
1 2 3 4 5
People
Executives / top management (managerial)
Support and involvement
Development team (operational)
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Technical skills
Education personnel (managerial and operational)
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Information management
⁄ ⁄
Process
Development activities (planning)
Development methodology
System requirements ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
System maintenance
Data extraction (execution)
⁄ ⁄
Periodically
Adequate*
⁄
Correct ⁄ ⁄
Updated ⁄
Data management (execution)
Data analysis (execution)*
⁄
Hardware and software infrastructure (planning) ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Product Integrated features, functions, etc. ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Environment
Plan/Policy
Education strategic plan*
Key performance indicators (KPI) *
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) *
Project management
Management best practices
⁄
Financial
⁄
System awareness ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
IS sources
Politics and culture
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Cooperation to information sharing
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
Attitude towards projects ⁄ ⁄
Organisation culture towards projects ⁄
Note: 1 – Abdullah, 2 – Bajwa et al., 3 – Poon & Wagner, 4 – Salmeron & Herrero, 5 – Srivihok.
The following paragraphs explain the interrelationships among the elements and factors identified
above:
To ensure successful EIS implementation for education management, management and operational
personnel (people) have to be brought together into the planning and execution of the development
424
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄