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Theoretical Discussion: Green IT and its Development in South Africa Grant Howard 1 and Sam Lubbe 2 1 School of Computing, UNISA, Florida, South Africa 2 North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa Grant.Howard@vodamail.co.za Sam.Lubbe@nwu.ac.za Abstract: The Human Race depends on Earth’s finite natural resources for its survival. Green literature claims that Green principles and practices are a necessity to sustain Earth’s finite natural resources. In contrast, anti- Green literature refutes these claims. Green IT or Green Information Technology is a view on Information Technology (IT) as it relates to Green principles and practices. IT is seen as a contravener and promoter of Green principles and practices. Green IT proposes radical IT changes to minimise contraventions and maximise promotions of Green principles and practices. Importantly, these changes have significant environmental, economic, and social consequences, both negative and positive. Specifically, IT is seen as a contravener of Green principles and practices primarily by the production of electronic waste (e-waste) and the consumption of paper and energy resources. In contrast, IT is seen as a promoter of Green principles and practices by its ability to reduce environmental impacts in all facets of society through information production and alternative processes creation. Worldwide and especially in the South African context, Green IT research is scant. This paper aims to reduce this gap by providing a theoretical discussion about Green IT and its development in South Africa. The objective of this paper is to present and explore the salient theoretical constructs relating to Green IT in order to provide a coherent view on Green IT and Green IT in South Africa. The conclusion will be in the form of a conceptualisation of Green IT and Green IT in South Africa. The point of departure for this paper is green literature, both supporting literature and opposing literature. This is critical because Green principles and practices are the theoretical foundation for Green IT. Thereafter Green IT and Green IT in South Africa are explored. This paper will give the reader a considered inspection of Green IT, its development in South Africa, and its relationship to Green principles and practices. Keywords: environment; green IT; green principles and practices; IT sustainability; South Africa 1. Introduction The theoretical discussion about Green IT and its development in South Africa is based on current, relevant research. Green IT research is gaining impetus, however there is still much to address. The following theoretical discussion is a synthesis of relevant, contemporary themes and provides a coherent perspective on Green IT and its development in South Africa. Following the introduction is a description of the methodology employed. Thereafter the theoretical discussion is presented. The theoretical discussion follows the high-level logic presented in Table 1. The high-level logic is formed from the relevant themes presented in Table 2. Table 1: High-level logic of the paper # Relevant themes High-level logic Green Principles and Practices Anti-Green Green IT Introduction IT as a Green Contravener and Green Promoter Environmental sustainability X Global warming X Natural climate change X Green for profit only X Green IT/IS X IT as a Green contravener X IT as a Green promoter X Product life-cycle changes X Consumption changes X 196 Radical IT Changes Environmental, Economic, and Social Consequences Development of Green IT in South Africa
Grant Howard and Sam Lubbe High-level logic Green Principles and Practices # Relevant themes Environmental, economic, and social sustainability X Economic and social consequences X Africa X South Africa X 2. Methodology The theoretical discussion is based on current, relevant literature obtained from the following search engines: Google and Google Scholar, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) digital library, the Association for Information Systems elibrary. In addition, related links and references were assessed. Keywords relating to Green IT and Green IT in South Africa were used, including: anti- /Green/sustainable/environment IT/ICT/computing /South Africa; and environmental sustainability. A qualitative approach was adopted where the literature was selected based on relevance and search engine ranking. The selected literature was then analysed for themes relating to the topic of the paper. Table 2 is the analysis of relevant themes per reference. Further, Table 1 shows how the relevant themes presented in Table 2 are grouped to form the high-level logic of the theoretical discussion. The theoretical discussion is based entirely on the references shown in Table 2. Table 2 acknowledges and directly credits all authors for their work where it is used in the theoretical discussion. Table 2: Analysis of relevant themes per reference Relevant themes Environmental sustainability Global warming Natural climate change Green for profit only Anti-Green Green IT/IS IT as a Green contravener Green IT Introduction IT as a Green promoter IT as a Green Contravener and Green Promoter Product life-cycle changes Consumption changes Radical IT Changes Environmental, Economic, and Social Consequences Environmental, economic, and social sustainability Economic and social consequences Africa # References Amsel & Tomlinson, 2010 X X Baek & Chilimbi, 2010 X Belliethathan, Weldesemaet & Asfaw, 2008 X X X X Beloglazov & Buyya, 2010) X X Bianzino, Raju & Rossi, 2011 X Blevis, 2008 X X X X X Bondolfi, 2007 X X Cai, 2010 X X X Corbett, 2010 X X X X Davis, 2010 X DiSalvo, Sengers & Brynjarsdóttir, 2010 X Dourish, 2010 X X X X Easterbrook, 2010 X X X Easterbrook, Glenn, Aranda & Pipitone, 2009 X X Easterbrook, Mens & Zschaler, 2010 X X Eder, 2009 X Elliot, 2007 X X X X X Foster, Lawson, Blythe & Cairns, 2010 X X 197 Development of Green IT in South Africa South Africa
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Proceedings of the 5th European Con
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Contents Paper Title Author(s) Page
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Paper Title Author(s) Page No. Cont
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Preface The 5th European Conference
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Dr Jorge Ricardo da Costa Ferreira
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LSE while working at the British St
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Minna Isomursu, PhD, is a research
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Elmarie Papageorgiou is a Senior Le
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Information and Knowledge Managemen
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João Agrela et al. So modeling bec
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João Agrela et al. ETRS 89 project
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João Agrela et al. (accidents) tha
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Figure 8: Final model João Agrela
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João Agrela et al. outputs and res
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System Integration Model Based on O
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Kamsuriah Ahmad, Azwan Mohamed and
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Kamsuriah Ahmad, Azwan Mohamed and
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Building Virtual Communities on top
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Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora, Barbara Carmi
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References Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora, Ba
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Karen Anderson, Göran Samuelsson a
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Developing a Model for Assessing IT
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Mohammad Abooyee Ardakan et al. Fig
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Mohammad Abooyee Ardakan et al. cor
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Investigating the Relationship of M
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Mohammad Abooyee Ardakan, Babak Soh
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Table 3: Goodness of fit indices Mo
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Evaluation of ICT Investment in Hea
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Figure 1: Search strategy for syste
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A. Arviansyah, Egon Berghout and Ch
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Managerial A. Arviansyah, Egon Berg
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The Uses of Business Outcomes for I
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Dawit Asmelash Measurability of th
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Dawit Asmelash affected business pr
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Business Units HR Sales Step 2 Iden
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Dawit Asmelash In this case, at thi
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Data Governance in Practice: The SM
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Carolyn Begg and Tom Caira Our rese
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Carolyn Begg and Tom Caira In the f
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Carolyn Begg and Tom Caira Decision
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Carolyn Begg and Tom Caira SMEs nee
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Fergal Carton et al. The language u
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Fergal Carton et al. 2008) to abstr
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Payment integration (payment produc
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Fergal Carton et al. Kim,C., Mirsob
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Walter Castelnovo devised for, have
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Walter Castelnovo the potential ris
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Walter Castelnovo allow the informa
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Walter Castelnovo Risk assessment,
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Embedding Human Values Into Informa
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Sunil Choenni, Peter van Waart and
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Evaluating the Role and Potential o
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Renata Paola Dameri For these reaso
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Final assessment and evaluation. Re
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Renata Paola Dameri STRATEGIC GOALS
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Renata Paola Dameri To clearly com
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ICT and PA: A Marriage Made in Heav
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Maria Concetta De Vivo, Alberto Pol
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Jan Devos, Hendrik Van Landeghem an
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References Jan Devos, Hendrik Van L
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Luciana Duranti and Adam Jansen Dig
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Luciana Duranti and Adam Jansen A
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References Luciana Duranti and Adam
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Kate Dymoke-Bradshaw and Ann Brown
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Kate Dymoke-Bradshaw and Ann Brown
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Page 165 and 166: Graham Fletcher and Marie Cahillane
Page 173 and 174: How Open Source Software Products:
Page 175 and 176: Chiara Friso, Valentina Lenarduzzi,
Page 179 and 180: Il giornale elettronico (Trivella,
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Page 205 and 206: Transforming Information to Knowled
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Page 225 and 226: 4.2 Challenges with research method
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Page 243 and 244: Hallur Leivsgarð Joensen and Torbe
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Page 259 and 260: A Fair Partnership Model by Sharing
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Ghassan Kbar Entering state of the
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Ghassan Kbar Saudi-chamber, (2011)
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Ghassan Kbar and Abdul Aziz AlDusar
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Dong-Hyun Kim and Hyun-Joo Kim We i
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Dong-Hyun Kim and Hyun-Joo Kim As a
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Dong-Hyun Kim and Hyun-Joo Kim We m
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Erdem Kirkbesoglu and Gizem Ogutcu
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Portfolio Management in Non-Profit
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Bert Kleersnijder and Egon Berghout
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Why is an IS Project Late? - A Case
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2. The project 2.1 Background and r
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Juha Kontio Phase In stallation Ope
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Table 2: Identified reason of the p
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Juha Kontio There are also reasons
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2. Performance review model for NDP
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Misoo Kwon Among the review indicat
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Type Average time saved Misoo Kwon
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Luigi Lavazza In conclusion, when a
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Luigi Lavazza The former can be de
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Luigi Lavazza For each process, we
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6. Conclusions Luigi Lavazza When e
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eBusiness Model Design and Evaluati
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Monika Magnusson categories of busi
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Monika Magnusson Business Model Ele
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5.2 Guiding questions Monika Magnus
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Monika Magnusson Hay, M. and Kamsha
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Monika Magnusson and Marie-Therese
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4.3 Goals at the project level Moni
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Alignment in Enterprise Architectur
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Thanos Magoulas, Aida Hadzic, Ted S
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3.4 Infological alignment Thanos Ma
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Panagiotis Manolitzas et al. to Gov
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Panagiotis Manolitzas et al. Anothe
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Table 1: Criteria weights and satis
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Panagiotis Manolitzas et al. Satisf
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Understanding the Impact of Knowled
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Magdeline Mashilo and Tiko Iyamu Ac
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Magdeline Mashilo and Tiko Iyamu Cu
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Magdeline Mashilo and Tiko Iyamu Th
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Magdeline Mashilo and Tiko Iyamu Ho
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2. Literature review 2.1 The Batik
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Nor Laila Md Noor and Ariza Nordin
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Nor Laila Md Noor and Ariza Nordin
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Isolated Strategies Nor Laila Md No
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HOT-fit Evaluation Framework: Valid
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Maryati Mohd Yusof In order to vali
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Maryati Mohd Yusof Further framewor
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Maryati Mohd Yusof Kaplan, B., and
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Gunilla Myreteg social context (Orl
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Gunilla Myreteg needed routine. Ano
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Gunilla Myreteg used, which in turn
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Environmental Scanning Practice of
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Roslina Othman and Siti Rohimi Hame
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5. Conclusion Roslina Othman and Si
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Understanding Financial and non-Fin
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Elmarie Papageorgiou and Herman de
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Type of non-financial information a
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Shabnam Pasandide, Abbas Toloie Esh
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Can eGovernment Systems Bridge the
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Higher quality of services Elias Pi
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Elias Pimenidis, Lazaros Iliadis, a
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Elias Pimenidis, Lazaros Iliadis, a
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Contributions to the Measurement an
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Rui Alexandre Pires and Maria do C
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assessment Rui Alexandre Pires and
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Rozilawati Razali and Mahamsiatus K
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Figure 1: Research design 3.2 Phase
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David Sammon, Tadhg Nagle and John
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Teresa Santos, Ségio Freire and Jo
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Reflections on the Role of the Lect
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3. Reflective practice Elsje Scott,
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Elsje Scott, Peter Weimann and Nata
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Elena Serova traditional ERP manage
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Elena Serova Increase in percentag
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9. Conclusion Elena Serova At prese
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Sharina Tajul Urus, Alemayehu Molla
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4.2 Description of feral systems Sh
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Sharina Tajul Urus, Alemayehu Molla
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Type Sharina Tajul Urus, Alemayehu
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Open Source Disease Control Softwar
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Jose Teixeira and Reima Suomi do no
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Jose Teixeira and Reima Suomi from
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Jose Teixeira and Reima Suomi Futur
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Value of Knowledge Management Syste
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Nelly Todorova Human capital repres
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Nelly Todorova IT value from pure f
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Nelly Todorova unique and inimitabl
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Accountability and the Reconstructi
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Geert-Jan van Bussel cluding the pr
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Geert-Jan van Bussel (e.g., Wijnhov
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Geert-Jan van Bussel complementary,
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The Question of Selecting Appropria
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Bartosz Wachnik We can discern two
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Bartosz Wachnik Table 1: Criteria o
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Tasks in an ERP implementation proj
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Bartosz Wachnik Tests’ recapitul
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PhD Research Papers 501
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Information Systems for Production
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Denisa Ferenčíková 3. Correctly
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Denisa Ferenčíková method requir
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Denisa Ferenčíková mentioned typ
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1.2 Service oriented architecture A
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Antonio Hidalgo Landa, Ian Owens an
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Hesbon Nyagowa, Dennis Ocholla and
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The Specification of Competency Que
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Yadary Ortega-González et al. Figu
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Yadary Ortega-González et al. merg
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Yadary Ortega-González et al. Comp
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Yadary Ortega-González et al. Lysa
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Michal Pivnička to (Collis 2008),
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Figure 2: List of scorecards window
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Michal Pivnička A Custom view (fig
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Michal Pivnička necessary calculat
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Michal Pivnička combines two or mo
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Michal Pivnička When any informati
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Challenges in Business Case Develop
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Bart-Jan van Putten, Franziska Brec
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Bart-Jan van Putten and Markus Schi
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Mohamad Norzamani Sahroni and Marya
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Table 1: Type of medical error Moha
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Mohamad Norzamani Sahroni and Marya
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Non Academic Papers 577
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Management of Waiting List for Surg
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Rita Cristóvão and Pedro Gomes In
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Figure 4: Circuit of the patient in
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Rita Cristóvão and Pedro Gomes Fi
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Rita Cristóvão and Pedro Gomes ne
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Rita Cristóvão and Pedro Gomes Fi
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Rita Cristóvão and Pedro Gomes T
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Work in Progress Papers with Poster
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Information Management Enabling Col
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Maria Bergenstjerna Data will be co
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2. Methodology Giovanni Camponovo R
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Giovanni Camponovo separate concept
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Giovanni Camponovo A graphical summ
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Giovanni Camponovo 3.5 Motivations
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Giovanni Camponovo Butler, B., Spro
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An Enterprise Ontology Approach for
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Bernardo Gomes, André Vasconcelos
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Soudabeh Khodambashi and Maryati Mo
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National ICT Strategy and its Imple
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Ermelinda Kordha and As. Kozeta Sev
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João Soares, José Tribolet and An
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João Soares, José Tribolet and An
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