The book of Enoch : translated from Professor Dillmann's Ethiopic ...

Introduction. 2 2
points, when combined with the evidence of (2), to a close
connexion between the two sections either in identity of author-
ship, or in the acquaintance of one of the authors with the work
of the other. That the latter alternative is the true one, we shall
find on the following grounds:— (1) In lxxxiii. 11 the sun comes
forth from the ' windows of the east ;
' this term is never used of
the sun in i-xxxvi, nor in lxxii-lxxxii : see lxxxiii. 1 1 (note).
' Windows ' has a different reference altogether : see lxxii. 3 (note).
(2) In lxxxiv. 4 ' day of the great judgment '= Deluge ; in i-xxxvi
and xci-civ always= final judgment: see lxxxiv. 4 (note).
(3)
The account of the descent of the watchers in lxxxvi. 1-3 differs
from that in vi. (4) In xc. 21, 22 seven archangels are men-
tioned ; in ix. four— yet see xx. 7, Giz. Gk. (5) In xc. 19 the period
of the Sword is an important feature ; yet it is not alluded to in
i-xxxvi. (6) The throne of judgment is in Palestine in xc.
20-26 ; on Sinai in i. 4 : whereas the throne on which God will
sit when He comes to bless His people in xxv. 3 corresponds
in locality to the throne of judgment in xc. 20. (7) Appearance
of the Messiah emphasised in xc. 37, 38 ; not alluded to in
i-xxxvi. (8) The scene of the kingdom in lxxxiii-xc is the New
Jerusalem set up by God Himself ; in i-xxxvi it is Jerusalem and
the entire earth unchanged though purified, x. 18, 20. (9) Life
of the members of the Messianic kingdom apparently unending
in xc. 33-39; but only finite in v. 9; x. 17; xxv. 6. Life is
transfigured by the presence of the Messiah in xc. 38 in the New
Jerusalem ; but in xxv. 5 by the external eating of the tree of
life. (10) The picture on lxxxiii-xc is developed and spiritual
that in i-xxxvi is naive, primitive, and sensuous. (11) lxxxiii-xc
are only visions assigned to Enoch's earlier and unwedded life ;
i-xxxvi are accounts of actual bodily translations and are assigned
to his later life. If these two sections were from the same author
and that an ascetic, exactly the converse would have been the case.
On these grounds, therefore, identity of authorship is impossible ;
but the similiarities in phraseology and idea prove that one of
the authors had the work of the other before him. Of the two
sections there is no room for doubt that lxxxiii-xc is the later.
(b) Relation of lxxxiii-xc to xci-civ. See Special Introd.
to xci-civ (pp. 262, 263).
C. The Date. The fourth period began about 200 b. c. (see
note on xc. 6-17, p. 249), and marks the transition of supremacy
over Israel from the Graeco-Egyptians to the Graeco-Syrians, as