The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce

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the pagan-ethical bourgeois 299alone can experience a “radical conversion”—note the revolutionary rhetorichere—maintaining nonetheless “ambiguity.” Ambiguity, understand, isnot a bad thing in such a theology, so long as the proper clerisy is in attendanceto interpret the signs. The blessed confusion gives the clerisy, whethersecular or religious, its leading role in the state. Ambiguity therefore isbeloved of Sartre.The clerisy is uniquely positioned, says Sartre, to accept responsibilityand moral agency. One is here inclined to call the preacher of ethicalresponsibility to account for “the cruel, duplicitous stratagems employed bythe polygamist Sartre in [sexual] love,” as Santoni puts it. Or to wonder howan advocate of moral agency could so long admire Communist tyrannies. 23Bad faith, Sartre claimed, is a flight from freedom, adopting, for example,the absurd conventions of French bourgeois society. Bourgeois good faithmight be admitted as a stage “laying the foundation” for authenticity, as inorthodox Communist thought the success of the bourgeoisie lays the foundationfor the revolution and for Communism.But that hopelessly bourgeois good faith or sincerity, Sartre is saying, isin the end impossible. One cannot possibly, contrary to what Santoni hopes,“rescue good faith from the controlling tentacles of bad faith” (p. xxxix).The liberal project, which is Santoni’s and mine but of course not Sartre’s,is ethically impossible. Sincerity, in Sartre’s puzzling words, is a “phenomenonof bad faith.” Only a faux-aristocratic authenticity is possible, for aselect few.Sartre was wrong. The bourgeois project is on balance good and has inlarge part succeeded. The Other, such as the working class, Sartre claims, is“menaced” by capitalism (Santoni’s word, p. xxxvi). I don’t believe so. Thatparticular Other has for one thing become bourgeois. And the remainingproletariat, and other Others, such as women, became free and prosperouswithin capitalism, as well as ethically complete. The goal of a society inwhich “each-for-itself affirms and promotes the freedom of the Other”(Santoni again) is a good description of what bourgeois capitalism has insober fact accomplished.In book 9 of The Spirit of the Laws, chapters 1–5, Judith Shklar observed,“Montesquieuattributed all the commercial virtues to citizens [of Athens]. ...Frugality, prudence, honesty, caution, these are the commercial traits of
300 chapter 25character, and a democratic republic needs them especially.” 24 Beyond these,commerce uses the cardinal virtues, too. As Aquinas and every theorist ofthe virtues through Smith concluded, the pagan and civic and “natural”four are an almost complete account—perhaps the masculine side of acomplete account—of even the bourgeois virtues.COURAGE[Aristocrat/Hero]- Achilles/Shane -JUSTICESocial Balance- Gandhi -TEMPERANCEIndividual Balance[Priest/Philosopher]- Socrates/Jane Austen -PRUDENCE[Bourgeois/Businessperson]- Benjamin Franklin -Know-how, Practical Wisdom,Rationality, Max U-ism
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the bourgeois virtues
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Deirdre N. McCloskey is distinguish
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contentsPreface xiiiAcknowledgments
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Part 3THE PAGAN AND MASCULINE VIRTU
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35 Other Lists 379Many other lists
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prefaceWhile on an airplane reading
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acknowledgmentsJoseph Epstein, the
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acknowledgmentsxviiAnthony Waterman
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Apologya brief for the bourgeois vi
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a brief for the bourgeois virtues 3
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40 apologyEurope the frontiers were
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42 apologyterritories give both to
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44 apologythat that other person do
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46 apologyoverrepresented, because
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48 apologywith Ridley the bourgeois
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50 apologyconsist in good measure o
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52 apologybombers. Europe recovered
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AppealSocrates: I count being refut
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appeal 57consumption. Feminist econ
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appeal 59material and ethical impro
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Commerce penetrates the secret plac
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64 chapter 1which is to say the pat
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66 chapter 1effect of Machiavelli,
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2the very word “bourgeois”Bourg
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70 chapter 2suppose be active witho
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72 chapter 2have until the twentiet
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74 chapter 2they often came. Such l
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76 chapter 2make that work honorabl
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78 chapter 2Theodore Schultz, the i
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80 chapter 3Embarrassment of Riches
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82 chapter 3in eighteenth-century w
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84 chapter 3means “sea land” cl
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86 chapter 3upper-entrepreneurial c
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part oneThe Christianand Feminine V
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92 chapter 4Noddings, Mary Midgley,
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94 chapter 4children or ancestors o
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96 chapter 4In the West before Chri
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98 chapter 4Wordsworth did so freel
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5love and the transcendentLove reac
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102 chapter 5A Pharisee is someone
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104 chapter 5God at the beginning.
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106 chapter 5applying to the level
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6sweet love vs. interestSo-called S
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110 chapter 6mating: each person, i
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112 chapter 6he gives up. But that
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114 chapter 6thing) “is loved for
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116 chapter 6Lewis offers a ladder
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118 chapter 7Prudence Only calculat
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120 chapter 7This is to miss the po
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122 chapter 7distinctions result fr
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124 chapter 7He improves upon a fam
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8love and the bourgeoisieAt the ris
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128 chapter 8harder. It is as thoug
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130 chapter 8need to explain why yo
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132 chapter 8traditional, and gemei
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134 chapter 8The English aristocrac
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136 chapter 8“love” is itself d
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138 chapter 8acknowledgment of soli
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140 chapter 9has access to less den
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142 chapter 9one another, leaving t
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144 chapter 9Putnam’s work by Dor
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146 chapter 9than war. And it’s n
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148 chapter 9that bourgeois and cap
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10faith as identityNihil aliud scio
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faith as identity 153evidence of a
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faith as identity 155Fides was the
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faith as identity 157One can show i
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faith as identity 159from poor econ
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hope and its banishment 161Christia
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hope and its banishment 163in the t
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About it and about; but evermoreCam
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12against the sacredIn their offici
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against the sacred 169seems right.
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possible objects of Hope and Faith,
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against the sacred 173There could b
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against the sacred 175Charles Hutch
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van gogh and the transcendent profa
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humility and truth 185To put it aca
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humility and truth 187Devil’s num
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humility and truth 189Uriah does no
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humility and truth 191what you have
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humility and truth 193arm of the Me
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15economic theologyThe only ethical
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economic theology 197of course not.
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part threeThe Pagan andMasculine Vi
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202 chapter 16meaning “forcefulne
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204 chapter 16end angering the gods
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206 chapter 16next year. He conclud
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208 chapter 16like Odysseus, saving
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210 chapter 16“Armed resistance w
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17anachronistic couragein the bourg
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214 chapter 17carrying fact. To the
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216 chapter 17citizens in the West,
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218 chapter 17The point is that bou
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220 chapter 17Clancy novels about s
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222 chapter 17Such a fiction does o
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224 chapter 18gentleman in the nine
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226 chapter 18director Kurosawa sai
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228 chapter 18which Hammett defined
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230 chapter 18The ageing Roosevelt
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232 chapter 19No one before the lat
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234 chapter 19around 1900 and accel
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236 chapter 19notorious Paragraph 1
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238 chapter 19or Huck Finn trying t
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240 chapter 19Hemingway’s mytholo
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242 chapter 20“We’re going thro
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244 chapter 20(wanting to swing on
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246 chapter 20The Danny Glover char
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Page 269 and 270: 250 chapter 20sin is literal hopele
Page 272 and 273: 21prudence is a virtueA person or a
Page 274 and 275: prudence is a virtue 255women criti
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Page 282 and 283: 22the monomania of immanuel kantThe
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Page 286 and 287: the monomania of immanuel kant 267T
Page 288 and 289: the monomania of immanuel kant 269i
Page 290 and 291: the storied character of virtue 271
Page 298 and 299: 24evil as imbalance, inner and oute
Page 300 and 301: evil as imbalance, inner and outer
Page 310 and 311: the pagan-ethical bourgeois 291At t
Page 312 and 313: the pagan-ethical bourgeois 293assi
Page 314 and 315: the pagan-ethical bourgeois 295hono
Page 316 and 317: the pagan-ethical bourgeois 297the
Page 320: part fiveSystematizing the SevenVir
Page 323 and 324: HOPEFAITH- Martin Luther King -TheT
Page 325 and 326: 306 chapter 26warmth and meaning. T
Page 327 and 328: 308 chapter 26The seven virtues in
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Page 331 and 332: 312 chapter 26mastering above all.
Page 333 and 334: 27a philosophical psychology?If the
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Page 339 and 340: 28ethical strivingI have been claim
Page 341 and 342: 322 chapter 28“not just from his
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Page 349 and 350: 330 chapter 28Biff: Well, I borrowe
Page 351 and 352: 29ethical realismThe virtues in the
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Page 357 and 358: 338 chapter 30You can opt for the c
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Page 363 and 364: 344 chapter 30Akerlof, Harry Frankf
Page 365 and 366: 31character(s)The Dutch economist A
Page 367 and 368: 348 chapter 31its own, sometimes ev
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350 chapter 31reputability, dependa
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32antimonism againAs Stuart Hampshi
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354 chapter 32Kant’s most famous
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356 chapter 32subject to rules that
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358 chapter 32A strange but powerfu
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360 chapter 32Ethical life is like
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362 chapter 33scientist, and secret
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364 chapter 33historically continge
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366 chapter 33But in answering the
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368 chapter 33Some good scholars in
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370 chapter 34Bacon’s text in fac
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372 chapter 34one cruelty what anot
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374 chapter 34not engaged in social
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376 chapter 34pretense, equal pain,
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378 chapter 34but he might as well
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380 chapter 35L. Blum’s Friendshi
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382 chapter 35to see what is bad or
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384 chapter 35you will note, when s
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36eastern and other waysBut after s
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388 chapter 36contemporary with Pla
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390 chapter 36The Japanese are in s
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392 chapter 36a masterless samurai,
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37needing virtuesOr one can take th
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396 chapter 37Since he seemed to be
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398 chapter 37Emotivism, observe ag
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400 chapter 37leaders whose sense o
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402 chapter 37sin. You cannot get m
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404 chapter 37would keep this crush
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38p & s and the capitalist lifePrud
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p & s and the capitalist life 409am
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p & s and the capitalist life 411th
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p & s and the capitalist life 413pr
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p & s and the capitalist life 415am
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sacred reasons 417read high art as
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sacred reasons 419and the conservat
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sacred reasons 421instance from lov
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sacred reasons 423the outskirts of
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not by p alone 425practice her trad
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not by p alone 427have to reach ove
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not by p alone 429line of argument,
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not by p alone 431The key to van St
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41the myth of modern rationalityBut
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the myth of modern rationality 435t
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the myth of modern rationality 437i
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the myth of modern rationality 439o
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the myth of modern rationality 441P
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god’s deal 443which the feeling o
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god’s deal 445edge and frequency
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god’s deal 447humans will accept
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god’s deal 449original sayings of
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43necessary excess?The world is too
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necessary excess? 453productivity a
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necessary excess? 455that “the ec
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necessary excess? 457surprisingly m
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necessary excess? 459and to turn
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44good workBenjamin Hunnicutt argue
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good work 463influences, because th
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good work 465pray, to write, to thi
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good work 467Christianity appears t
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45wage slaveryOn the side of produc
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wage slavery 471anything but dishon
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wage slavery 473Studs Terkel in Wor
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wage slavery 475was much admired by
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I really wish that I could be a lad
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the rich 479before capitalism had g
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the rich 481acquisitiveness and cal
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the rich 483Sam continues: “Take
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the rich 485profit making. 11 He cr
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the rich 487perhaps a high single d
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good barons 489human computers rush
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good barons 491another way, the ent
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good barons 493$3 billion he collec
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good barons 495put forward in the t
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48the anxieties of bourgeois virtue
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the anxieties of bourgeois virtues
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Postscriptthe unfinished case for t
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the unfinished case for the bourgeo
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the unfinished case for the bourgeo
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notespreface1. Dougherty, Who’s A
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notes to pages 17-27 51738. Kahn-Le
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notes to pages 35-44 51977. Thus ag
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notes to pages 68-80 521chapter 2:
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notes to pages 94-104 52316. Saller
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notes to pages 112-123 52515. Sen,E
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notes to pages 135-145 52724. Sen,
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notes to pages 158-169 52927. Arce
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notes to pages 181-190 53116. Stein
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notes to pages 203-216 53310. Smith
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notes to pages 231-245 535chapter 1
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notes to pages 258-266 53720. Butle
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notes to pages 281-293 5398. Coleri
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notes to pages 314-322 541chapter 2
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notes to pages 334-346 5434. James,
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notes to pages 364-378 5456. As Phi
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notes to pages 391-400 54715. Bened
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notes to pages 412-423 54914. Heilb
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notes to pages 438-453 55111. Medaw
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notes to pages 466-482 55317. Hornb
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notes to pages 499-507 5553. Feser,
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558 works citedArendt, Hannah. 1958
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560 works citedBlaug, Marc. 1980. T
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562 works citedCicero, Marcus Tulli
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564 works citedDreiser, Theodore. 1
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590 indexantibourgeois figures: boh
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592 indexBourgeois Deal: McCloskey
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594 indexcitizen, distinguished fro
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596 indexeconomics of religion, 341
Page 617 and 618:
598 indexFranklin, John Hope: ethic
Page 619 and 620:
600 indexHeckscher, Eli: French mer
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602 indexintelligentsia, intellectu
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604 indexLewis, C. S.: definition o
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606 indexMeester, Johan de: on van
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608 indexP variables: Dario Comi an
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610 indexrealism: in epistemology,
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612 indexSen, Amartya: agency and M
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614 indextheology: apologia, 1, 5;
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616 indexwelfare economics: as stuf
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